Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen HuffmanLecture OverviewChapter IntroductionThinkingThinking—Three Components (Mental Images)Thinking—Three Components (Mental Images Continued)Slide 7Thinking—Three Components (Concepts)Thinking—Three Components An Example of HierarchiesThinking—Three Components (Language)Thinking—Problem SolvingThinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem SolvingThinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving (Mental Sets Continued)Slide 14Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving (Functional Fixedness Continued)Slide 16Slide 17Thinking—CreativitySlide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Language: Three Building BlocksSlide 25Language DevelopmentTheories of Language DevelopmentIntelligenceWhat Is Intelligence?Intelligence ModelsSlide 31Slide 32Measuring IntelligenceMeasuring Intelligence— The Normal Distribution of IQ ScoresMeasuring Intelligence— Sample Wechsler TestsSlide 36The Intelligence Controversy—Extremes in IntelligenceSlide 38The Intelligence Controversy: Explaining DifferencesAn Example of a “Brain” Test for Intelligence? Which “leg” of the drawing is longer (a) or (b)?An Example of “Genetic Vs. Environmental” Influences on IntelligenceThe Intelligence Controversy: Are IQ Tests Culturally Biased?Slide 43©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Psychology in Action (8e)by Karen HuffmanPowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 8: Thinking, Language, and IntelligenceKaren Huffman, Palomar College©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Lecture OverviewThinkingLanguageIntelligenceThe Intelligence Controversy©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Chapter IntroductionThinking, language, and intelligence are often studied under the larger topic of cognition (mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge).©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)ThinkingCognitive building blocks. The processes of thinking are distributed throughout the brain, especially in the frontal lobe©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Thinking—Three Components (Mental Images)•1. Mental Images (mental representations of a previously stored sensory experience, including visual, auditory, etc.)©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Thinking—Three Components (Mental Images Continued)Why are the two forms in (a) the same, yet the two forms in (b) are different? Solving this problem requires mental manipulation of the mental images.©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Thinking—Three Components (Mental Images Continued)Mental Image Solution: To solve the problem rotate one of the objects in (b) and then compare the rotated image with the other object to see whether they match or not.©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)2. Concepts (mental representation of a group or category that shares similar characteristics)–How do we learn concepts? a. Artificial concepts are formed by logical, specific rules.b. Natural concepts/prototypes are formed by our experiences in everyday life.c. Hierarchies help us group concepts into subcategories within broader categories.Thinking—Three Components (Concepts)©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Thinking—Three Components An Example of Hierarchies©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)3. Language (a form of communication using sounds and symbols combined according to specified rules)Thinking—Three Components (Language)©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Thinking—Problem Solving•Step 1: Preparation- identifying, separating, and defining.•Step 2: Production- generating possible solutions (hypotheses) by using algorithms and heuristics. •Step 3: Evaluation- judging hypotheses in Step 2 against the criteria in Step 1.©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving1. Mental Sets (persistence in using strategies that have worked in the past)Using no more than four lines, can you connect all nine dots without lifting your pencil from the paper?©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving (Mental Sets Continued)To overcome mental sets you must “think outside the box”—literally!©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving2. Functional Fixedness (thinking of an object as only functioning in its usual way)Can you use these supplies to mount the candle on the wall so that it can be lit in a normal way without toppling over?©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving (Functional Fixedness Continued)To overcome functional fixedness, you must think of the matchbox, tacks, and candle all functioning in new ways.©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)3. Confirmation Bias (preferring information that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring contradictory evidence) 4. Availability Heuristic (judging the likelihood of an event based on how readily available other instances are in memory)Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving5. Representativeness Heuristic [estimating the probability of something based on how well the circumstances match (or represent) a previous prototype]When people overestimate the dangers of flying is it an example of the availability heuristic or the representativeness heuristic?©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Thinking—CreativityCreativity (ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way)•Three elements of creativity: •Originality•Fluency•Flexibility©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Thinking—Creativity•Divergent thinking (ability to produce many alternatives or ideas) is