Slide 1Slide 2Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen HuffmanLecture OverviewThe Nature of MemoryThe Nature of Memory— Four Memory ModelsThe Nature of Memory— Four Memory Models (Continued)The Nature of Memory— Description of Four Memory ModelsThe Nature of Memory— Description of Four Memory Models (Cont.)The Nature of Memory— Description of Four Memory Models (Continued)Diagram of Three-Stage Memory ModelThe Nature of Memory— Description of Three Stage Memory ModelSperling’s Experiment with Sensory MemoryThe Nature of Memory— Three Stage Memory Model (Cont.)Slide 15The Nature of Memory— Three Stage Memory Model (Continued)Types of Long-Term MemoriesImproving Long-Term Memory (LTM)An Example of Using Hierarchies as an Organizational ToolAn Example of Recognition Vs. RecallA Test for Recall: Can You Write Down the Names of Santa’s Nine Reindeer?Now Try Recognizing the Names (Need Help? Answers Appear in Appendix B)ForgettingWhy Do We Forget? Five Key TheoriesFive Theories of Forgetting (Continued)Two Forms of InterferenceSlide 27A Test for Encoding: Which of These is an Exact Duplicate of a Real Penny?Overcoming Problems with ForgettingOvercoming Problems with Forgetting (Continued)Biological Bases of MemoryBiological Bases of Memory (Continued)Where Are Memories Located?Biology and Memory Loss: Injury and DiseaseBiology and Memory Loss: Injury and Disease (Continued)Memory and the Criminal Justice SystemUsing Psychology to Improve Our MemoryUsing Psychology to Improve Our Memory (Continued)Slide 39Slide 40©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Note to the Instructor:The following PowerPoint slides include the core concepts and key terms of Chapter 7 in Psychology in Action (8e). Before presentations, you can delete these instructor information slides by simply pressing “delete” on your keyboard. If you prefer a different background color or design, click on the upper right corner under “design.” To further personalize and enrich your PowerPoint slides, check the Psychology in Action Instructor Resource site for additional video clips, figures, tables, key terms, etc.©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Each topic listed on the Lecture Outline slide (#4) has been “linked” for your convenience. When in the “presentation mode,” simply click on the topic and you will link directly to the slide(s) of interest. Note that the last slide of each topic includes a “home” icon that will return you to the original Lecture Outline slide. This feature enables you to present chapter topics in any order. Ease of navigation and flexibility in presentation are key elements of a PowerPoint in Action. Enjoy!Note to the Instructor (Continued):©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Psychology in Action (8e)by Karen HuffmanPowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 7: MemoryKaren Huffman, Palomar College©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Lecture OverviewThe Nature of MemoryForgettingBiological Bases of MemoryUsing Psychology to Improve Our Memory©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)The Nature of Memory Memory (an internal record orrepresentation of some prior event or experience)Memory is also a constructive process, in which we actively organize and shape information as it is processed, stored, and retrieved.©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)The Nature of Memory—Four Memory Models©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)The Nature of Memory—Four Memory Models (Continued)©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)The Nature of Memory—Description of Four Memory Models1. Information Processing Approach: memory is a process analogous to a computer, which encodes, stores, and retrieves information.©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)The Nature of Memory—Description of Four Memory Models (Cont.)2. Parallel Distributed Processing Model: memory is distributed across a network of interconnected units that work simultaneously (in a parallel fashion) to process information.©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)3. Levels of Processing Approach: memory depends on the degree or depth of mental processing occurring when material is initially encountered. 4. Traditional Three-Stage Memory Model: memory requires three different storage boxes to hold and process information for various lengths of time. The Nature of Memory—Description of Four Memory Models (Continued)©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Diagram of Three-Stage Memory Model©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)The Nature of Memory—Description of Three Stage Memory ModelSensory Memory: briefly preserves a relatively exact replica of sensory information. Sensory memory has a large capacity but information only lasts a few seconds. Selected information is sent on to short-term memory.©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)Sperling’s Experiment with Sensory MemoryWhen flashed an arrangement of 12 letters for 1/20 of a second, most people can only recall 4 or 5. But Sperling proved all 12 letters were available in sensory memory if they can be attended to quickly.©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)The Nature of Memory—Three Stage Memory Model (Cont.)Short-Term Memory (STM): temporarily stores sensory information and decides whether to send it on to long-term memory (LTM). STM can hold 5-9 items for about 30 seconds before they are forgotten. STM capacity can be increased with chunking and duration improves with maintenance rehearsal.©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)STM is also called working memory because it is much more than just a passive, temporary holding area.Three parts of working memory:•visuospatial sketchpad•central executive•phonological loop©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)The Nature of Memory—Three Stage Memory Model (Continued)Long-term memory (LTM): relatively permanent memory storage with a virtually limitless capacity.©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007