Chapter 7 Logic CircuitsPowerPoint PresentationSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Advantages of the Digital ApproachDefinitionsBinary NumbersSlide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Gray CodeSlide 16Slide 17Slide 18Complement ArithmeticSlide 20Subtraction Using Two’s-Complement ArithmeticOverflow and UnderflowSlide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34De Morgan’s LawsSlide 36Chapter 12 Field-Effect TransistorsNMOS AND PMOS TRANSISTORSMOSFET SummaryThe Fixed- Plus Self-Bias CircuitSlide 41Slide 42The Small-Signal Equivalent CircuitSlide 44CMOS InverterSlide 46CMOS NAND GateSlide 48CMOS NOR GateSlide 50NAND, NOR, and XOR GatesSlide 52Slide 53Sum-of-Products ImplementationSlide 55Slide 56Product-of-Sums ImplementationSlide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 64Slide 65Karnaugh MapsSlide 67Slide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81Slide 82Slide 83Slide 84Slide 85Slide 86Slide 87Slide 88Slide 89Slide 90DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSINGSlide 92Conversion of Signals from Analog to Digital FormSlide 94Slide 95Digital Lowpass FilterSlide 97Slide 98Slide 99Slide 100Slide 101Chapter 8 MicrocomputersSlide 103Slide 104Slide 105Slide 106Slide 107Slide 108MEMORY TYPESSelection of MemorySlide 111Slide 112ASSEMBLY-LANGUAGE PROGRAMMINGSlide 114Slide 115Slide 116Chapter 7Logic Circuits1. State the advantages of digital technology compared to analog technology.2. Understand the terminology of digital circuits.3. Convert numbers between decimal, binary, and other forms.5. Understand the binary arithmetic operations used in computers and other digital systems.6. Interconnect logic gates of various types to implement a given logic function.7. Use Karnaugh maps to minimize the number of gates needed to implement a logic function.8. Understand how gates are connected together to form flip-flops and registers.Advantages of the Digital ApproachProvided that the noise amplitude is not too large, the logic values represented by a digital signal can still be determined after noise is added.With modern IC technology, it is possible to manufacture exceedingly complex digital circuits economically containing 10s of millions of transistors.DefinitionsPositive versus Negative LogicDigital WordsIn parallel transmission, an n-bit word is transferred on n wires, one wire for each bit, plus a common or ground wire. In serial transmission, the successive bits of the word are transferred one after the other with a single pair of wires.Binary Numbers1012101021031041072.743101012325.1321212021271.1101 Gray CodeComplement ArithmeticThe one’s complement of a binary number is obtained by replacing 1s by 0s, and vice versa. 0100110110110010 (one’s complement)The two’s complement of a binary number is obtained by adding 1 to the one’s complement, neglecting the carry (if any) out of the most significant bit.Complements are useful for representing negative numbers and performing subtraction in computers.Subtraction Using Two’s-Complement ArithmeticOverflow and UnderflowIn performing arithmetic using two’s-complement arithmetic, we must be aware of the possibility of overflow in which the result exceeds the maximum value that can be represented by the word length in use.AAA AA 100 ABAAB    ABCCABBCA 0AAAA    CBACBACBA  ACABCBA AA  011 A1 AAAAA Boolean algebra expressions can be implemented by interconnection of AND gates, OR gates, and inverters.De Morgan’s LawsCBAABC  FEDFED If the variables in a logic expression are replaced by their inverses, the AND operation is replaced by OR, the OR operation is replaced by AND, and the entire expression is inverted, the resulting logic expression yields the same values as before the changes.Chapter 12Field-Effect Transistors 1. Understand MOSFET operation and small signal model (compare to BJTs).2. See how FETs are used to build gates in CMOS Integrated Circuits (ICs) for computers.NMOS AND PMOS TRANSISTORSMOSFET SummaryThe Fixed- Plus Self-Bias CircuitThe Small-Signal Equivalent CircuitIn small-signal midband analysis of FET amplifiers, the coupling capacitors, bypass capacitors, and dc voltage sources are replaced by short circuits. The FET is replaced with its small-signal equivalent circuit. Then, we write circuit equations and derive useful expressions for gains, input impedance, and output impedance (like earlier BJTs).CMOS InverterCMOS NAND GateCMOS NOR GateNAND, NOR, and XOR GatesSum-of-Products ImplementationProduct terms that include all of the input variables (or their inverses) are called minterms.In a sum-of-products expression, we form a product of all the input variables (or their inverses) for each row of the truth table for which the result is logic 1. The output is the sum of these products.Product-of-Sums ImplementationSum terms that include all of the input variables (or their inverses) are called maxterms.In a product-of-sums expression, we form a sum of all the input variables (or their inverses) for each row of the truth table for which the result is logic 0. The output is the product of these sums.Many useful combinatorial circuits known as decoders, encoders, or translators are available as integrated circuits.Karnaugh MapsDIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSINGConversion of Signals from Analog to Digital FormIf a signal contains no components with frequencies higher than fH, the signal can be exactly reconstructed from its samples, providedthat the sampling rate fs is selected to be more than twice fH.Digital Lowpass Filter       nxanayny  11TTa1Chapter 8Microcomputers1. Identify and describe the functional blocks of a microcomputer.2. Select the type of memory needed for a given application.An embedded computer is part of a product, such as an automobile, printer, or bread machine, that is not called a computer.A microcomputer or microcontroller is a completecomputer containing the CPU, memory, and I/O on a single silicon chip.This computer, in which the instructions and data arestored in the same memory, has von Neumannarchitecture (also known as Princeton architecture).MEMORY TYPES(1) Read-and-write memory (RAM)(2) Read-only memory (ROM)(3) Mass storage - Disk, Flash(non