PowerPoint PresentationChapter 14 Operational AmplifiersSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Characteristics of Ideal Op AmpsSlide 7Slide 8SUMMING-POINT CONSTRAINTSlide 10Ideal op-amp circuits are analyzed by the following steps:Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14INVERTING AMPLIFIERSSlide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Positive FeedbackSlide 22NONINVERTING AMPLIFIERSSlide 24Voltage FollowerSlide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29DESIGN OF SIMPLE AMPLIFIERSSlide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35OP-AMP IMPERFECTIONS IN THE LINEAR RANGE OF OPERATIONSlide 37Gain and Bandwidth LimitationsSlide 39Closed-Loop BandwidthSlide 41Gain–Bandwidth ProductSlide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46NONLINEAR LIMITATIONSSlide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slew-Rate LimitationFull-Power BandwidthSlide 53Slide 54DC IMPERFECTIONSSlide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60DIFFERENTIAL AND INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIERSSlide 62Instrumentation-Quality Differential AmplifierSlide 64INTEGRATORS AND DIFFERENTIATORSSlide 66Slide 67Slide 68Slide 69Differentiator CircuitACTIVE FILTERSSlide 72Slide 73Slide 74Butterworth Transfer FunctionSlide 76Sallen–Key CircuitsSlide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 14 Operational AmplifiersELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 14 Operational Amplifiers1. List the characteristics of ideal op amps.2. Identify negative feedback in op-amp circuits.3. Analyze ideal op-amp circuits that have negative feedback using the summing-point constraint.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.4. Select op-amp circuit configurations suitable for various applications.5. Design useful circuits using op amps.6. Identify practical op-amp limitations and recognize potential inaccuracies in instrumentation applications.7. Work with instrumentation amplifiers.8. Apply integrators, differentiators, and active filters.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERSELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.The input signal of a differential amplifier consists of a differential component and a common-mode component.21vvvid 21cm21vvviELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.Characteristics of Ideal Op Amps Infinite gain for the differential input signal Zero gain for the common-mode input signal Infinite input impedances Zero output impedance Infinite bandwidthELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.SUMMING-POINT CONSTRAINTOperational amplifiers are almost always used with negative feedback, in which part of the output signal is returned to the input in opposition to the source signal.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.In a negative feedback system, the ideal op-ampoutput voltage attains the value needed to forcethe differential input voltage and input current to zero. We call this fact the summing-point constraint.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.Ideal op-amp circuits are analyzed by the following steps:1. Verify that negative feedback is present.2. Assume that the differential input voltage and the input current of the op amp are forced to zero. (This is the summing-point constraint.)ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.3. Apply standard circuit-analysis principles, such as Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law, to solve for the quantities of interest.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.INVERTING AMPLIFIERS12inRRvvAovELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.Positive FeedbackWith positive feedback, the op amp’s input and output voltages increase in magnitude until the output voltage reaches one of its extremes.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.NONINVERTING AMPLIFIERSUnder the ideal-op-ampassumption, the non- inverting amplifier is an ideal voltage amplifier having infinite inputresistance and zero output resistance.12in1RRvvAovELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.Voltage FollowerELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education,