GEOG 256 9 24 13 Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I What do we mean by sustainable cities II A Vision of Urban Sustainability III Cities Advantages and Challenges Outline of Current Lecture I Types and sources II Key Strategies For Cities III Non Land Use Strategies For Cutting Vehicle Emissions IV Energy Efficient and Net Zero Buildings V Land Use Compatability for Sensitive Receptors VI Takeaways Current Lecture I Types and sources a Types i Particulates dust smoke pollen mist ii Gases CO CO2 SO2 VOC iii Primary v Secondary e g VOC NOx Heat Sunlight Ozone Smog iv Criteria pollutants common detrimental v carbon monoxide CO sulfur oxides SOx nitrogen oxides NOx ozone O3 lead Pb and particulate matter PM vi Hazardous Air Toxics localized worse near the source can cause serious health effects e g mercury near coal power plants vii Sources viii Natural Biogenic ix Volcanoes Trees VOCs Fires x Manmade Anthropogenic xi Stationary xii Point factories power plants xiii Area wood stoves lawnmowers xiv Mobile cars trucks airplanes b Effects i People Most commonly heart and lung disease Also cancers fetal death neurological disorders poisoning These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute ii Nature visibility acid rain ozone depletion skin cancer greenhouse effect tree disease runoff water pollution water oxygen depletion iii Structures monuments and buildings e g Parthenon 1 In US pollution is down 63 despite growth 2 But Americans breath dangerous air 3 Indoor AP causes 2 million premature deaths yearly worldwide half are pneumonias in children under 5 from coal biomass stoves c Law i Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 original law passed in 1963 ii EPA sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards iii States must adopt State Implementation Plans iv Maximum Achievable Control Technology standards promulgated for various sources d Sources i Most non greenhouse air pollution comes from vehicles ii But most Greenhouse pollution comes from TRANSPORT BUILDINGS AND FACTORIES II Key Strategies For Cities a Reduce Vehicle Use and miles travelled b Improve Vehicle efficiency c Improve Building Energy Efficiency d Renewable Energy e Protect Sensitive Receptors f Lessen Heat Islands g Reducing vehicle use h Focus on urban form compact complete walk able i denser more compact more walk able more transit served cities use dramatically less energy per capita i Driving and the building environment i The effects of compact development on motorized travel energy use and CO2 emissions US National Academy of Sciences 2009 j Compact development patterns would reduce vehicle miles driven i Shortens trip lengths ii Makes walking and bikes competitive iii Make transit easier to support iv Mixing uses houses closer to jobs and shopping can reduce trip lengths too v Doubling residential density could cut VMT by up to 25 if coupled with job clusters good transit service mixed uses demand management connectivity vi Additional indirect benefits from smaller cars attached housing truck delivery vii Other benefits include open space on the urban fringe and savings on extending infrastructure can help offset greater transit cost viii Disagreement on feasibility of densification Cities are slow to change and density will face resistance from existing residents Best opportunities existing near transit corridors and station areas Best scenario is 11 less VMT by 2050 1 Density Reduces Energy Use Because It Reduces Auto Use ix Walkability Connectivity Mixed Use III Non Land Use Strategies For Cutting Vehicle Emissions a Fuel efficiency standards b Vehicular emissions controls c High Tolls and Parking Fees d Traffic Calming e Traffic Free Zones f Preferential Car Pool Bus lanes g Ride sharing car pooling i 35 5 MPG by 2016 will reduce GHG emissions from the U S light duty fleet by approximately 21 percent by 2030 Standard is 24 1 in 2011 h Kenworthy 2007 Why the Hyper Car Won t Save Us i The space required for cars makes human scaled walkable centers impossible ii Efficiency produces more use via Rebound Effect 1 more use for every 10 more efficiency iii Industry takes a long time to retool at enormous expense whereas land use can change more quickly than technology witness Portland Vancouver Perth iv Small shift to transit has large leverage effect 1 km of transit use replaces 9 12 km of car travel walking and biking potential is far greater IV Energy Efficient and Net Zero Buildings a Management behavior recommissioning and housekeeping b Occupier information and control c Appliances lighting space and water heating d Occupancy sensors e Insulation and Glazing f Orientation g Shading Structures and Landscaping h Low Embodied Energy i Ventilation j Depth and Daylight k Shared Walls l Renewable Energy Production solar thermal wind green power purchasing etc m Energy Efficiency and Social Inequality in Multifamily Rental Housing G Pivo 2012 i Most multifamily housing units with a below average number of energy efficiency features are occupied by lower income families V Land Use Compatability for Sensitive Receptors a Sensitive Receptors persons particularly susceptible to health effects from air pollutants b Sensitive Sites places where sensitive receptors are more common i Schools playgrounds childcare centers ii Long term healthcare facilities iii Rehabilitation centers iv Convalescent centers v Hospitals vi Retirement Homes vii Residences c Common Sources of Air Toxics i Freeways ii Distribution Centers iii Rail Yards iv Ports v Refineries Gas Dispensing Facilities d Heat Island Effect i Defined as air temp differential between urban centers and adjacent rural areas can be several degrees ii Can worsen ozone pollution iii NOx VOC more heat more photochemical smog iv More heat more AC more NOx from power plant emissions v More heat more VOC evaporation from cars vi Driven by 1 Displacement of natural vegetation 2 Impervious surfaces of roads and buildings 3 Waste heat produced by buildings vehicles and industry e Solutions i Cool Roofs 20 less a c 1 Required in CA ii Cool Pavement iii Green Roofs iv Shade trees v Cool Roofs and Pavement worldwide no cars for 18 yrs vi Less sprawl and urban aforestation vii Because smaller lots had more tree cover VI Takeaways a Air pollution can harm people nature and buildings b Its improved in USA but remains a problem CO2 unregulated c Main urban sources transport and electricity