GEOG 256 9 26 13 Exam 1 Study Guide 1 What did Toynbee say about the rise and fall of civilizations 2 Describe what Marsh argued in Man and Nature 3 What does Jared Diamond list as the causes of societal collapse 4 What is the Russian Dolls model 5 Contrast the Frontier Economics Open Earth with Spaceship Earth Closed Earth models 6 What are Gutkind s Stages in Man s Attitude Toward the Environment 7 What did Rachel Carson focus us on 8 What was common to most of the approaches to sustainability reviewed by Kidd 9 What did Pivo say in class were the key points from Kidd 10 What is the Great Reconciliation 11 In your own words contrast the Expansionist and Steady State paradigms 12 What is Carrying Capacity and what happens if animal populations overshoot it 13 What are some conceptual problems with applying the carrying capacity approach to humans 14 What is the Ehrlich Holdren thesis and what does it suggest explains the level of impact per capita 15 What is the Capital Approach to Sustainability What types of capital are there 16 What s the difference between Weak and Strong Sustainability 17 What do proponents of the Material Input approach say should be our objective in order to move toward sustainability What is the ecological rucksack 18 In Decoupling what is being decoupled from what 19 When did Sustainability emerge as a major theme according to Kidd 20 What is the present global balance between urban and rural populations and when did the world shift to being mostly urban 21 What s growing faster City populations or the amount of land they use 22 What are the 5 equities and why are they relevant to sustainability Why does fairness matter to sustainability according to Haughton 23 What are consumption landscapes see Seto 24 What do Seto et al say are the major characteristics of contemporary urbanization 25 How do Seto et al describe the contemporary form of cities 26 Why are cities an important focus for people interested in sustainability 27 When did cities become the home for the majority of the world s population 28 What are some of the advantages cities have over rural places when it comes to achieving sustainability 29 What important process occurs in the Stratosphere which protects life on earth 30 What are the main ways air pollutants are classified What are its 2 basic physical forms 31 What are sources of Biogenic air pollution Anthropogenic 32 Has US criteria air pollution been getting worse What s their largest source 33 How is bad ozone formed 34 How can cities reduce vehicle use 35 How do compact cities reduce vehicle use 36 What are some strategies for reducing energy use in buildings 37 What are sensitive receptors and how do they figured into air quality planning 38 What is the heat island effect what makes it happen and how can it be managed 39 Contrast the anthropocentric and biocentric arguments for sustainability 40 What is Deep Ecology 41 According to Pawlowski what are the 6 dimensions of sustainability that need integration 42 What is meant by Environmental Justice and what do Mohai et al say we know about its causes