The Cardiovascular SystemOutlineCardiovascular SystemThe HeartHeartIncidence/Frequency of Cardiovascular DiseaseStatistics about Heart DiseaseGood News!Risk Factors for Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular DiseasesSlide 11Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)CAD contEndocarditisPericarditisRheumatic Heart DiseaseHypertensionSlide 18Risk Factors for HTNCardiac ArrhythmiaSlide 21Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)Congestive Heart FailureSlide 24Slide 25Cardiogenic ShockCardiomyopathies & myocarditisPowerPoint PresentationVocational Impact of Cardiac DiseaseOverview of Heart TransplantationHeart transplantation is the process of removing the sick or diseased heart and replacing it with a healthy, human heart from a deceased donorUNOS National Ranking of Heart Transplant CandidatesPsychosocial Adjustment to Heart Transplantation – Pre transplantStressors Related to Heart TransplantationPhases of Adjustment to Heart Transplantation (Rauch & Kneen, 1989)Psychosocial Interventions for Cardiac DiseaseInterventionsLeisureOutcomesThe Cardiovascular System Medical and Psychosocial Aspects of DisabilityOutlineCardiovascular systemSpecific heart infoSpecific disease infoHeart transplantation infoCardiovascular SystemThe cardiovascular system is composed of the heart, blood, and vascular system.The cardiovascular system distributes food, oxygen, and hormones to all living cells and carries waste products and carbon dioxide away from the cells.The HeartIt is enclosed in an outer covering consisting of two layers called the pericardium.The lining of the inner surface of the heart is called the endocardium.HeartThe heart has four chambers:two upper chambers are called the atria;two lower chambers called ventriclesIncidence/Frequency of Cardiovascular DiseaseApproximately 5,000,000 individuals have some type of cardiovascular disease.CVD is the number one killer in the U. S.It is responsible for nearly 1 in every 2.5 deaths.Statistics about Heart Disease4,000 myocardial infarctions (MI’s) each day in America2.5 million Americans have vocational disability or limitation caused by cardiac illness/diseaseCoronary Heart Disease is leading disease for which people receive premature disability benefitsMI Survival rates-70% for initial MI, 50% of those with recurrent MIGrowing number of people who experience MI’s under age 65Good News!Cardiovascular disease is, in large part, a preventable disease.Risk Factors for Cardiovascular DiseaseSmokingDiabetesObesity StressHigh Blood Pressure [>140 (systolic) / 90 (diastolic)]Physical InactivityCardiovascular DiseasesCardiovascular diseases include those that affect the heart and those that affect the peripheral vascular system.The heart and blood vessels may be primarily attacked by these diseases or they may be secondarily affected as a consequence of another disease.Cardiovascular DiseasesCoronary Artery DiseaseEndocarditisPericarditisRheumatic Heart DiseaseHypertensionCardiac ArrhythmiaCongestive Heart FailureCardiogenic ShockCoronary Artery Disease (CAD) Results from plaques build up on the inner walls of blood vessels that supply the heart muscle (arteriosclerosis).In this situation, the heart muscle receives inadequate blood supply (ischemia). Because of lack of oxygen to the heart muscle, chest pain (angina pectoris) results.CAD contBecause the heart muscle’s need for oxygen is greatest when demands are placed on the heart , angina is often experienced during activity.The myocardium (heart muscle), like all other muscle, cannot live without oxygen.When the cardiac muscle is receives no oxygen (anoxia), necrosis (tissue death) of part of the heart muscle results.EndocarditisEndocarditis (inflammation of the membrane that covers the heart valves and chambers of the heart) is caused by bacterial infection.Damage to the heart valves can result. May be associated with systemic infectious diseases or intravenous drug abuse.As the disease progresses, symptoms such as high fever, weight loss, and extreme fatigue become more pronounced.•The lining of the inner surface of the heart is called the endocardium.PericarditisAny organism can cause pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium).When inflamed, the pericardial layers can adhere to each other, creating friction as their surfaces rub together during cardiac contraction.A common sign of pericarditis is chest pain, which is aggravated by moving and breathing.•The heart is enclosed in an outer covering consisting of two layers called the pericardium.Rheumatic Heart DiseaseType of heart disease brought about by rheumatic fever.Rheumatic fever is a condition in which the body undergoes a type of allergic reaction in response to an organism called streptococcus.Although recovery from rheumatic fever can be complete with no residual effects, some individuals experience permanent cardiac damage as a result. Valves of the heart are most frequently affected, resulting in stenosis (a stricture of the opening)HypertensionIndividuals with hypertension (high blood pressure) have a sustained elevation of pressure in the arteries.High Blood Pressure [>140 (systolic)/90 (diastolic)]Prolonged elevation of pressure can eventually damage the heart, kidneys, brain, or vessels behind the eye.HypertensionEssential (primary) hypertension has a gradual onset and few, if any, symptoms. Malignant (resistant to treatment) hypertension, although less common, has an abrupt onset and more severe symptoms.Hypertension may go undetected until complications such as heart attack, stroke, or visual problems arise.Risk Factors for HTNRace [African American’s have higher incidence].Age [over 60 years old]Comorbidities [e.g. diabetes]Maternal history [mother had HBP before she was 65].Paternal history [father had HBP before he was 55].Lifestyle factors [smoke, obesity]Cardiac ArrhythmiaAn arrhythmia is an abnormality of the heart rate or rhythm.The heart may beat too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or irregularly (dysrhythmia or arrhythmia).Cardiac ArrhythmiaArrhythmia may decrease the heart’s ability to work effectively and to supply adequate amounts of bloodSome arrhythmia may be life-threatening, while others may be relatively minor and require little or no treatment.Other arrhythmia (ventricular) may be modulated
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