The Cardiovascular System: Medical & Psychosocial AspectsOutline of sessionCardiovascular SystemThe HeartHeart (continued)Incidence/Frequency of Cardiovascular DiseaseStatistics about Heart DiseaseGood News!Risk Factors for Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular DiseasesSlide 11Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)CAD contEndocarditisPericarditisRheumatic Heart DiseaseHypertensionSlide 18Risk Factors for HTNCardiac ArrhythmiaSlide 21Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)Congestive Heart FailureSlide 24Slide 25Cardiogenic ShockCardiomyopathies & myocarditisPowerPoint PresentationVocational Impact of Cardiac DiseaseSlide 30Overview of Heart TransplantationSlide 32UNOS National Ranking of Heart Transplant CandidatesPsychosocial Adjustment to Heart TransplantationStressors Related to Heart TransplantationThe heart is crucial to one’s identityPhases of Adjustment to Heart Transplantation (Rauch & Kneen, 1989)Slide 38I have had a rare opportunity in this life--to live life on the edge of death, to venture into death itself, and then to experience a second birth; to be both very old and very young in the middle years of my life.Slide 40Psychosocial Interventions for Cardiac DiseaseInterventionsLeisureOutcomesTheir Stories . . .Slide 46The Cardiovascular System: Medical & Psychosocial AspectsMarieke Van Puymbroeck, MS, CTRSRehabilitation Sciences Doctoral CandidatePre-Doctoral Health Rehabilitation Research FellowOutline of session•Cardiovascular system•Specific heart info•Specific disease info•Heart transplantation infoMED ASPECTSCardiovascular System•The cardiovascular system is composed of the heart, blood, and vascular system.•The cardiovascular system distributes food, oxygen, and hormones to all living cells and carries waste products and carbon dioxide away from the cells.The Heart•It is enclosed in an outer covering consisting of two layers called the pericardium.•The lining of the inner surface of the heart is called the endocardium.Heart (continued)•The heart has four chambers:•two upper chambers are called the atria;•two lower chambers called ventriclesIncidence/Frequency of Cardiovascular Disease•Approximately 5,000,000 individuals have some type of cardiovascular disease.•CVD is the number one killer in the U. S.•It is responsible for nearly 1 in every 2.5 deaths.Statistics about Heart Disease•4,000 myocardial infarctions (MI’s) each day in America•2.5 million Americans have vocational disability or limitation caused by cardiac illness/disease•Coronary Heart Disease is leading disease for which people receive premature disability benefits•MI Survival rates-70% for initial MI, 50% of those with recurrent MI•Growing number of people who experience MI’s under age 65Good News!•Cardiovascular disease is, in large part, a preventable disease.these can be altered!Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease•Smoking•Diabetes•Obesity •Stress•High Blood Pressure [>140 (systolic) / 90 (diastolic)]•Physical InactivityCardiovascular Diseases•Cardiovascular diseases include those that affect the heart and those that affect the peripheral vascular system.•The heart and blood vessels may be primarily attacked by these diseases or they may be secondarily affected as a consequence of another disease.Cardiovascular Diseases•Coronary Artery Disease•Endocarditis•Pericarditis•Rheumatic Heart Disease•Hypertension•Cardiac Arrhythmia•Congestive Heart Failure•Cardiogenic ShockCoronary Artery Disease (CAD) •Results from plaques build up on the inner walls of blood vessels that supply the heart muscle (arteriosclerosis).•In this situation, the heart muscle receives inadequate blood supply (ischemia). •Because of lack of oxygen to the heart muscle, chest pain (angina pectoris) results.CAD cont•Because the heart muscle’s need for oxygen is greatest when demands are placed on the heart , angina is often experienced during activity.•The myocardium (heart muscle), like all other muscle, cannot live without oxygen.•When the cardiac muscle is receives no oxygen (anoxia), necrosis (tissue death) of part of the heart muscle results.Endocarditis•Endocarditis (inflammation of the membrane that covers the heart valves and chambers of the heart) is caused by bacterial infection.•Damage to the heart valves can result. •May be associated with systemic infectious diseases or intravenous drug abuse.•As the disease progresses, symptoms such as high fever, weight loss, and extreme fatigue become more pronounced.•The lining of the inner surface of the heart is called the endocardium.Pericarditis•Any organism can cause pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium).•When inflamed, the pericardial layers can adhere to each other, creating friction as their surfaces rub together during cardiac contraction.•A common sign of pericarditis is chest pain, which is aggravated by moving and breathing.•The heart is enclosed in an outer covering consisting of two layers called the pericardium.Rheumatic Heart Disease•Type of heart disease brought about by rheumatic fever.•Rheumatic fever is a condition in which the body undergoes a type of allergic reaction in response to an organism called streptococcus.•Although recovery from rheumatic fever can be complete with no residual effects, some individuals experience permanent cardiac damage as a result. •Valves of the heart are most frequently affected, resulting in stenosis (a stricture of the opening)Hypertension•Individuals with hypertension (high blood pressure) have a sustained elevation of pressure in the arteries.•High Blood Pressure [>140 (systolic)/90 (diastolic)]•Prolonged elevation of pressure can eventually damage the heart, kidneys, brain, or vessels behind the eye.Hypertension•Essential (primary) hypertension has a gradual onset and few, if any, symptoms. •Malignant (resistant to treatment) hypertension, although less common, has an abrupt onset and more severe symptoms.•Hypertension may go undetected until complications such as heart attack, stroke, or visual problems arise.Risk Factors for HTN•Race [African American’s have higher incidence].•Age [over 60 years old]•Comorbidities [e.g. diabetes]•Maternal history [mother had HBP before she was 65].•Paternal history [father had HBP before he was 55].•Lifestyle factors [smoke, obesity]Cardiac Arrhythmia•An arrhythmia is an abnormality of the heart rate or rhythm.•The heart may beat too fast