MIT OpenCourseWare http ocw mit edu 11 479J 1 851J Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in Developing Countries Spring 2007 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit http ocw mit edu terms Steps in Water and Sanitation Planning Problem Identification Organize Community Participation Support Set Objectives Collect Data Formulate Alternatives Choose Best Method Develop Detailed Plan Build the System Operate and Maintain Monitor and Evaluate Problem Identification Current water source is unacceptable if Water Quality is bad Water Quantity is insufficient Inaccessible Water Source Unreliable Water Source Water Quality is measured by laboratory or field testing but oftentimes this is difficult so Surveys Types of Surveys Sanitary Surveys water sanitation hygiene Infrastructure Survey Epidemiological Surveys Prospective and Retrospective Cohort Surveys Cross Sectional Surveys snapshot in time Longitudinal ecologic surveys on going surveillance over many years Willingness to Pay Surveys aka Contingent Valuation Focus Groups Example Batey1 Dominican Republic Batey Dominican Republic Batey DR Batey 1 Water Tower Aquaduct Community Participation and Support A successful program must include a plan for community support 3 ways to gain community support Promotion Community involvement community appraisal user groups mapping Training in O M Can you think of other ways Data Collection Population statistics Rainfall Environmental data Mapping Community Mapping Community Appraisal GIS Mapping Community s development history Community resources Culture and customs http www scn org ip cds cmp modules par par htm GIS Data Mapping Diarrhea in Northern Region Ghana Map Jenny VanCalcor 2006 Improved Sources Boreholes Household connection Public standpipe Rainwater harvesting Protected Springs and dug wells Unimproved Sources All surface water sources Unprotected dug wells and spring Tanker trucks Vendor water 1 million out of 1 8 million people in the Northern Region are currently using an unimproved source Latrine is the process of being built Ghana Guinea Worm Eradication Program Villages Reporting Endemic and Imported Cases in 2005 Upper East Upper West Northern Brong Aliafo Volta Ashanti Eastern Western Central Legend Endemic Village Imported Cases Villages Districts 0510 20 30 40 Kilometers Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare Set Alternatives OR OR OR Choose the Best Alternative Question What are some considerations decision criteria you might use to choose the best alternative Choose the Best Alternative Water supply characteristics will it meet demand now In 10 years Social acceptability community s needs Health factors Economic factors willingness to pay Institutional context Accessibility Other What do you think Develop the Plan Question What should be in the plan What s in the Plan Proposed System Costs Sources of Finance Implementation Schedule Plan for Construction and Sources of Materials Energy Requirements Environmental Impacts Social Impacts Operation and Maintenance Requirements Other Monitor and Evaluate the System User Acceptance Water Quality Water Quantity Accessibility Reliability Proper Operation and Maintenance Financial sustainabilty Sustainable Yield Systems Thinking Relationship to Sanitation Hygiene interventions Other Some Factors Affecting Planning Geographic Location Environment Climate Urban vs Rural Population Growth and Density Settlement Patterns Domestic Water Use Agriculture Water Use Culture Geographic Location Environment and Climate Tropical Climates Hinder Agricultural development Year long insect problems Locusts are endemic in many regions Tsetses flies prevent use of animals for plowing Mineral resource development Deep highly weathered soils Extraction is expensive special equipment Human productivity Disease and malnutrition High temperature and humidity Tropical Land Degradation Commodity crops Change from shifting cultivation Progressive problems Poor agricultural practices reduce nutrients and organic matter Vegetation and organic material are removed for fuel and fodder Lack of vegetative cover causes erosion Irrigation increases salinity content of soils People abandon degraded land and move to other areas Environmental Factors Rainfall Not uniformly distributed throughout the year Distinct wet and dry seasons Excessive precipitation and storms during the wet season often destroy crops Droughts common Annual Rainfall Distribution Average Monthly Precipitation Washington DC 700 Map removed due to copyright restrictions Total Average Annual Precipitation 1036 mm 600 400 300 200 100 Month December November October September August July June May April March February 0 January Precipitation mm 500 Annual Rainfall Distribution Average Monthly Precipitation Coban Guatemala 700 Map removed due to copyright restrictions Total Average Annual Precipitation 2517 mm 600 400 300 200 100 Month December November October September August July June May April March February 0 January Precipitation mm 500 Annual Rainfall Distribution Average Monthly Precipitation Chittagong Bangladesh 700 Total Average Annual Precipitation 2858 mm 600 500 400 300 200 100 Month December November October September August July June May April March February 0 January Precipitation mm Map removed due to copyright restrictions Annual Rainfall Distribution Average Monthly Precipitation Dakar Senegal 700 Map removed due to copyright restrictions 600 Total Average Annual Precipitation 578 mm 400 300 200 100 Month December November October September August July June May April March February 0 January Precipitation mm 500 Environmental Factors Heat No freezing temperatures in the tropics Plant and animal pests and diseases reproduce throughout the year Intense ecological competition Quick turnover of soil organic matter UV radiation destroys plastics rubber and synthetics Heat and humidity cause corrosion of machinery Environmental Factors Soils Tropical soils are highly weathered Low organic matter Low nutrient contents Laterites high iron clays Harden when exposed to sun and air Used to build roads Alluvial and volcanic soils are the exception rich and fertile Community and Cultural Factors Communities in Northern Region Ghana Non Traditional Traditional Photos Rachel Peletz 2006 Patterns of Domestic Water Use Volume of water used depends on income Only the wealthy have large amounts of safe water In rural areas water is often carried from a source outside the home