MIT OpenCourseWare http ocw mit edu 11 479J 1 851J Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in Developing Countries Spring 2007 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit http ocw mit edu terms Implementation Critical Factors and Challenges to Scale Up of Household Drinking Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems Background Paper on Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage HWTS for the Electronic Conference May 12 22 2006 Hosted by USAID Hygiene Improvement Project HIP By Susan Murcott Senior Lecturer Civil and Environmental Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology May 2006 Summary This paper explores the current status of the adoption and sustained use of household drinking water treatment and safe storage systems the critical factors that influence adoption and sustained use and the associated challenges to scale up 2 Table of Contents Section I Context Definitions and Status of HWTS 1 Introduction 2 Diffusion of Social Technology Innovations and Technologies to End Poverty 3 Water Quality Safe Drinking Water and Water Treatment and Storage 4 Piped and Non Piped Water Supply and Distribution Systems Transmission Routes for Contaminants and a Multiple Barrier Approach 5 HWTS Technologies 6 Status of Implementation of Major HWTS General Overview WHO Network Implementation Working Group Survey Worldwide Commercial HWTS Enterprises Section II Critical Factors that Influence the Adoption and Sustained Use of HWTS 7 Critical Factors 8 Commercial Factors 9 Social Marketing 10 Technical Verification Health Impact Studies Product Technical Performance ETV Process Sobsey 11 Social Behavioral The Nepal Consumer Perception Study Johns Hopkins Studies Swiss Technical Institute Study 12 Leadership Education Awareness and Social Networks 13 Financial Willingness to Pay Availability of Credit and Microfinance Aid Subsidies and Incentives 14 Installation Operation and Maintenance Installation Operation Maintenance 15 Manufacturing Quality Control Section III Gaps Challenges and Future Directions 16 Gaps and Challenges to Scale Up Mixed Messages Improved Water Supply vs HWTS O M Challenge Cost Effectiveness of HWTS and Effects of Subsidies Lack of Information on Combined Systems Implementation and Integration of HWTS into Other Programs Monitoring and Evaluation 3 o Water Quality Monitoring Tools the Need for Simple Low Cost Methods o Program Monitoring and Evaluation Tools Sharing Best Practices of Interventions at Scale 17 Summary and Recommendations 18 References Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 HWTS Fact Sheets Worldwide Commercial HWTS Enterprises Summary Table Additional HWTS Price Tables Daily Use Behavior Related Variables for HWTS Story A Tale of Two Districts in Peru Story The Biosand Disaster after the Hurricane Mitch Disaster Story Unwillingness to Pay for Household Drinking Water Treatment and Safe Storage Appendix 8 Examples of Installation Operation and Maintenance Instructional Materials Labels and Brochures Appendix 9 NSF ANSI Instruction and Information Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Three Broad Water Quality Categories Piped and Non Piped Water Supply Generalized Schematic of the Status of Implementation of Major HWTS Sectors Represented by the Organizations Responding to the 2005 WHO Network Implementation Working Group Survey Figure 5 Method of HWTS Implementation Figure 6 Variables Determining the Rate of Adoption of an Innovation Rogers 2003 Figure 7 A Predictive Model of Communication and Change Tables Table 1 WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Definition of Improved Water Supply Table 2 Retail Prices of HWTS in Kenya Table 3 Retail Costs of HWTS in Northern Region Ghana Table 4 Net Present Value of HWTS Table 5 Comparison of Katadyn and Hong Phuc Ceramic Candle Filter Systems Table 6 Acceptance Level Variables Used by KWAHO in SODIS Program in Kibera Kenya 4 Section I Context Definitions and Status of HWTS 1 Introduction Household drinking water treatment and safe storage systems comprise a cluster of innovative technologies that have come into existence since the 1990s As a part of a class of social technologies to end poverty these technologies have a number of powerful and appealing characteristics they are simple self reliant local user friendly and low cost suggesting that they could help solve the intransigent problem of safe clean water for all If they do make a contribution to the goal of global safe water they will do so because they empower users especially women and children who bear a disproportionate burden of the unsafe drinking water crisis Like the 20th century search for a polio vaccine or the 21st century search for a cure for HIV AIDS or cancer the motivation driving HWTS research and development is a search for a common social good and an instatement of a basic human right However as a solution that necessitates household by household adoption and sustained use a commercial bottom line objective is also essential Yet if commercial products such as computers cell phones or Internet use can go exponential then practical actors and dreamers alike may also inquire Can safe clean water and the associated clean water technologies also be taken to scale If the answer is Yes HWTS will be part of the mix 2 Diffusion of Social Technology Innovations and Technologies to End Poverty Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among members of a social system Diffusion of an innovation is a two way exchange a communication process Technology correctly understood is not only hardware the tool that embodies the material or physical object but matter and energy hardware and software Rogers 2003 so in this respect technology and its diffusion are intimately linked to communication Social technology innovations are innovations whose primary aim is a social common good objective with a financial or profit objective as a subsidiary or parallel aim Technologies to end poverty are a subset of social technology innovations targeted at bringing a basic level of well being to the 4 8 billion people earning 1 day 20 global population to 2 day 60 global population HWTS social technologies are innovative not only in the conventional sense of new hardware but they incorporate hardware and software and seek to realize a global social objective of clean water for all New technologies have three dissemination