MIT OpenCourseWare http ocw mit edu 11 479J 1 851J Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in Developing Countries Spring 2007 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use visit http ocw mit edu terms Introduction to Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in the Developing World Susan Murcott Senior Lecturer CEE Dept MIT Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in Developing Countries Week 2 February 13 2007 To begin I want to share with you some images that visually show the scope and gravity of the crisis of water and sanitation in developing countries based on photos taken by my students and I or photos taken by others which I have collected Photo Melinda Foran Credit Genevieve Connors Drinking Arsenic Contaminated Water Causes Melanosis left and Keratosis right Tugu Ghana highest guinea worm endemic village in Ghana 60 recent cases Jan 2007 Kibera Nairobi Kenya Kibera Kenya Haiti Recently Demolished Slum in Mumbai India Summer 2006 Photo Neil Tangri Heavily eutrified Nitra River in Slovakia Water Rich Safe Water Water Poor Unsafe Water Global Economic Classes Income High 20 day 20 Middle 2 day 60 Poor 1 day 20 Food and Water Meat canned Grain clean Insufficient and packaged water grain unsafe food soft maybe water drinks bottled and tap water Transportation Private cars Bicycles buses Walking Materials Local biomass Throwaways Durables Piped Water Supply Watershed Treatment Primary Distribution System Community Distribution Systems Conventional Water Treatment Plant Source of Surface Water Storage Tank Storage Sedimentation Secondary Sedimentation Chlorine Mixing Flocculation Coagulants Filtration Disinfection Sludge To Distribution Alum Coagulation Tank Sedimentation Tank Sand Filter Non Piped Water Supply Watershed Human and Animal Distribution System Home Water Quality 3 Broad Categories Microbiological Chemical Bacteria Organic Inorganic Viruses Naturally occurring Protozoa Helminthes Anthropogenic Radioactive Physical Aesthetic Turbidity Odor Taste Smell Appearance Microbiological Contaminants Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria viruses protozoa and helminthes are the most common and widespread health risk associated with drinking water WHO 2004 Guidelines For Drinking Water Quality 3rd Ed p 123 At the international level how would you go about solving the problem of disease and death from unsafe drinking water inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene One approach is the Millennium Development Goals MDGs Millennium Development Goals Targets Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Targets 1 2 Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education Target 3 Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women Target 4 Goal 4 Reduce child mortality Target 5 Goal 5 Improve maternal health Target 6 Goal 6 Combat HIV AIDS malaria and other diseases Targets 7 8 Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability Targets 9 10 11 Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development Targets 12 18 http www developmentgoals org MDG Goal 7 Target 10 Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation The following 6 slides supplement the 1st Tech Tutorial on coagulation They show the high turbidity waters in Ghana and the effect of alum coagulation Surface Water Sources in Ghana Extremely high turbidity between 500 2 000 NTU Turbidty Test NTU Drinking Water SourcesNorthern Region Ghana Kaleriga Dam Ghanasco Muali Dam Locally Available Alum Product in Markets in Ghana Before and After Alum Coagulation Cloth Filter Turbidity Results Melinda Foran 2006 Turbidity T U Location Date Source Water Post Alum Ghanasco Muali Dam 20 Jun 1600 5 Kaleriga Dam 22 Jun 2000 5 Bipelar Dam 27 Jun 38 6 Bipelar Dam Turbid 27 Jun 38 38 St Mary s Dam 29 Jun 2000 5 Dungu Dam 4 Jul 400 5 Libga Dam 6 Jul 75 5 Bunglung Dam 11 Jul 300 5 Diare Dam 13 Jul 23 5 Diare Dam Turbid 13 Jul 23 23 Libga Dam 17 Jul 50 5 Gbanyami Dam 19 Jul 1000 5 Vitting Dam 25 Jul 125 5 690 Average Turbidity