What is AI Copyright 2008 by Helene G Kershner What is AI AI Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence AI is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent http library thinkquest org 2705 Copyright 2008 by Helene G Kershner What is AI Turing Test A machine would be considered intelligent it could not be distinguished from a person during a blind comparison test Turing Test A person judge would ask questions via a computer terminal of two entities One entity would be a human the other a machine computer If the judge regularly failed to correctly distinguish the computer from the human then the computer was said to have passed the test Istv n S N Berkeley Ph D 1997 The Turing test is a one sided test A machine that passes the test should certainly be considered intelligent but a machine could still be considered intelligent without knowing enough about humans to imitate a human http wwwformal stanford edu jmc whatisai node1 html Copyright 2009 by Helene G Kershner What is AI John McCarthy Computer Scientist Cognitive Scientist A cognitive scientist studies the nature of intelligence Combines psychology philosophy neuroscience linguistics anthropology computer science sociology and biology http en wikipedia org wiki Cognitive science He coined the word Artificial Intelligence Received the Turing Award in 1971 for his work in AI Turing award is given by ACM to an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community The contributions should be of lasting and major technical importance to the computer field Often recognized as the Nobel Prize of computing http en wikipedia org wiki Turing Award Copyright 2009 by Helene G Kershner What is AI John McCarthy What is artificial intelligence AI it is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines especially intelligent computer programs It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable http www formal stanford edu jmc whatisai node1 html So if it looks like it is intelligent and acts like it is intelligent even if it does so in ways different from human it could be considered intelligent Sort of I ll know it when I see it Copyright 2009 by Helene G Kershner What is AI John McCarthy Can we even really define intelligence Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people many animals and some machines But what is intelligence really Is there a definition of intelligence that doesn t depend on relating it to human intelligence Not yet The problem is that we cannot yet characterize in general what kinds of computational procedures we want to call intelligent We understand some of the mechanisms of intelligence and not others http www formal stanford edu jmc whatisai node1 html Copyright 2009 by Helene G Kershner What is AI John McCarthy Isn t AI about simulating human intelligence Sometimes but not always or even usually On the one hand we can learn something about how to make machines solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own methods On the other hand most work in AI involves studying the problems the world presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals AI researchers are free to use methods that are not observed in people or that involve much more computing than people can do http www formal stanford edu jmc whatisai node1 html Copyright 2009 by Helene G Kershner What is AI John McCarthy When did AI research start After WWII a number of people independently started to work on intelligent machines The English mathematician Alan Turing may have been the first He gave a lecture on it in 1947 He also may have been the first to decide that AI was best researched by programming computers rather than by building machines By the late 1950s there were many researchers on AI and most of them were basing their work on programming computers http www formal stanford edu jmc whatisai node1 html Copyright 2009 by Helene G Kershner What is AI In the 1950s scientists thought artificially intelligent machines were just around the corner Clearly R2D2 C3PO have yet to arrive Computers are very good at following rules These rules can include rules of thumb called heuristics Good at playing games Chess GO So good in fact that in 1997 Deep Blue a computer chess program won a series of chess games against the human world champion of chess Gary Kasparov Largely used brute force But Games are not the only things that have rules Copyright 2009 by Helene G Kershner What is AI What else has rules Grammar Spelling Some Medical diagnosis Drug interactions Blood tests Certain common illnesses Spam filters Web searches Programs to catch cheaters in school such as TurnItIn and Moss Copyright 2008 by Helene G Kershner What is AI Expert Systems Expert Systems Software that attempts to duplicate the ways in which professionals make decisions are called expert systems An expert is a specialist in a specific often narrow field who has gained an incredible amount of knowledge about this narrow field A surgeon who specializes in sports medicine National expert in the US Tax Code A group of oncologists specializing in drug side effects Copyright 2008 by Helene G Kershner Expert Systems EasyDiagnosis provides online analysis of important medical symptoms in a user friendly format http easydiagnosis com CADUCEUS expert system Blood borne infectious bacteria Dendral Helps organic chemists identify unknown molecules Dipmeter Advisor Analysis of data gathered during oil exploration Mycin Diagnose infectious blood diseases and recommend antibiotics by Stanford University XCON formerly R1 for eXpert CONfigurer Order processing SHINE Real time Expert System An expert system for writing expert systems developed by NASA STD Wizard Expert system for recommending medical screening tests http www stdwizard org http en wikipedia org wiki Expert system Copyright 2009 by Helene G Kershner AI Expert System Progra m Knowledge base of rules Inferenc e Engin e Expert Natural Languag e Database of facts Interfac e User http www cs cf ac uk Dave AI1 mycin html Copyright 2009 by Helene G Kershner AI Expert System Example from Mycin When the system is in Consultation mode the user interacts with the system by entering data in