Review of HTML Ch 1 Review of tags covered html html body body title title p p table table table border 1 th th tr tr td td caption caption ol li ul h2 various header tags Img tag Style attributes and values alt Digitizing Data Chapter 7 Digitizing Discrete Information The dictionary definition of digitize is to represent information with digits Digit means the ten Arabic numerals 0 through 9 Digitizing uses whole numbers to stand for things The PandA Representation PandA is the name used for two fundamental patterns of digital information Presence Absence PandA is the mnemonic for Presence and Absence A key property of PandA is that the phenomenon is either present or not A Binary System The PandA encoding has two patterns present and absent Two patterns make it a binary system There is no law that says on means present or of means absent Bits Form Symbols In the PandA representation the unit is a specific place in space and time where the presence or absence of the phenomenon can be set and detected The PandA unit is known as a bit Bit is a contraction for binary digit Bit sequences can be interpreted as binary numbers Groups of bits form symbols Bits in Computer Memory Memory is arranged inside a computer in a very long sequence of bits Going back to the definition of bits previous slide this means that places where the physical phenomenon encoding the information can be set and detected Hex Explained Hex digits short for hexadecimal digits are base 16 numbers A bit sequence might be given in 0 s and 1 s 1111111110011000111000101010 Writing so many 0 s and 1 s is tedious and error prone There needed to be a better way to write bit sequences hexadecimal digits The 16 Hex Digits The digits of the hexadecimal numbering system are 0 1 9 A B C D E F Because there are 16 digits hexits they can be represented perfectly by the 16 symbols of 4 bit sequences The bit sequence 0000 is hex 0 Bit sequence 0001 is hex 1 Bit sequence 1111 is hex F Hex to Bits and Back Again Because each hex digit corresponds to a 4 bit sequence easily translate between hex and binary 0010 1011 1010 1101 2 B A D F A B 4 1111 1010 1011 0100 Digitizing Numbers in Binary The two earliest uses of PandA were to Encode numbers Encode keyboard characters Representations for sound images video and other types of information are also important Counting in Binary Binary numbers are limited to two digits 0 and 1 Digital numbers are ten digits 0 through 9 The number of digits is the base of the numbering system Counting to ten Counting in Binary With decimal numbers we use a place value representation where each place represents the next higher power of 10 With binary numbers it is the same idea but with higher powers of 2 Place Value in a Decimal Number Recall that To find the quantity expressed by a decimal number The digit in a place is multiplied by the place value and the results are added Example 1010 base 10 is Digit in the 1 s place is multiplied by its place Digit in the 10 s place is multiplied by its place and so on 0 1 1 10 0 100 1 1000 Place Value in a Binary Number Binary works the same way The base is not 10 but 2 Instead of the decimal place values 1 10 100 1000 the binary place values are 1 2 4 8 16 Place Value in a Binary Number 1010 in binary 1 8 0 4 1 2 0 1 Digitizing Text The number of bits determines the number of symbols available for representing values n bits in sequence yield 2n symbols The more characters you want encoded the more symbols you need Digitizing Text Roman letters Arabic numerals and about a dozen punctuation characters are about the minimum needed to digitize English text What about Basic arithmetic symbols like Characters not required for English Punctuation What about business symbols and And so on Assigning Symbols We need to represent 26 uppercase 26 lowercase letters 10 numerals 20 punctuation characters 10 useful arithmetic characters 3 other characters new line tab and backspace 95 symbols enough for English Assigning Symbols To represent 95 distinct symbols we need 7 bits 6 bits gives only 26 64 symbols 7 bits give 27 128 symbols 128 symbols is ample for the 95 different characters needed for English characters Some additional characters must also be represented Assigning Symbols ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII is a widely used 7 bit 27 code The advantages of a standard are many Computer parts built by different manufacturers can be connected Programs can create data and store it so that other programs can process it later and so forth Extended ASCII An 8 Bit Code 7 bit ASCII is not enough it cannot represent text from other languages IBM decided to use the next larger set of symbols the 8 bit symbols 28 Eight bits produce 28 256 symbols The 7 bit ASCII is the 8 bit ASCII representation with the leftmost bit set to 0 Handles many languages that derived from the Latin alphabet NATO Broadcast Alphabet The code for the letters used in radio communication is purposely inefficient The code is distinctive when spoken amid noise The alphabet encodes letters as words Words are the symbols Mike and November replace em and en The longer encoding improves the chance that letters will be recognized Digits keep their usual names except nine which is known as niner NATO Broadcast Alphabet Bar Codes Universal Product Codes UPC also use more than the minimum number of bits to encode information In the UPC A encoding 7 bits are used to encode the digits 0 9 Bar Codes UPC encodes the manufacturer left side and the product right side Different bit combinations are used for each side One side is the complement of the other side The bit patterns were chosen to appear as different as possible from each other Bar Codes Different encodings for each side make it possible to recognize whether the code is right side up or upside down Why Byte Computer memory is subject to errors An extra bit is added to the memory to help detect errors A ninth bit per byte can detect errors using parity Parity refers to whether a number is even or odd Count the number of 1 s in the byte If there is an even number of 1 s we set the ninth bit to 0 Why Byte All 9 bit groups have even parity Any single bit error in a group causes its parity to become odd This allows hardware to detect that an error has occurred It cannot detect which bit is wrong however Why Byte IBM was building a supercomputer called Stretch They needed a word for a quantity of memory between a bit and a word