Exam 1 Study Guide: Lectures 1 - 7Correlations- 2 variables- Can be either positive or negative1 - Positive- As one variable goes up/down, the other variable does the same. PSYC 360 1st Edition2 - Negative- As one variable goes up/down, the other variable does the opposite. - Steps- 1) Define problem- 2) Measure 2 variables of interest- 3) Assess the correlation between them - One issue with self-report- Socially desirable responding - Subjects tell you what they think you want to hear. - Correlation does not mean causation - Ex.- Known: Violent Video Games <--> Aggretion - 3 Logical Possibilites - 1)VVG--> Aggn- 2) Aggn---> VVG- 3) Possibility of a third variable, influencing both VVG & Aggn. - One variable can affect another - Variables can effect each other Experimental Studies Characteristic - Manipulate “X”- Control Group- Random Assignment - “Isolate 2 variables” - Measure “y” - Independent Variable- Variable you manipulate - Dependent Variable- Variable you measure - “Control groups acts like a baseline” - Social CognitionHow do people think about and make sense of other people. - Making copies (Langer et al, 1978)- “excuse me, I have 5 pages...”- 60% of people said yes- “...may I use the copy machine because I’m in a rush?”- 94% said yes- “...may I use the copy machine because I have to make some copies?”- 93% said yes- The Paradox of Social Cognition- People have amazing cognitive abilities- People often fail to use those abilities- Solving the Paradox- Two types of thinking:- Controlled cognition- Conscious- Voluntary- Effortful- Limited capacity- Automated cognition- Unconscious - Involuntary- Effortless- Unlimited capacity*autopilot- Automatic Processes: Cognitive Shortcuts- Quick- Generally provide pretty good answers- AttributionoPeoples explanations for people’s behaviors- Behavior- Types of Attribution- Internal- Stable- Unstable- External/ Situational- Something about the situation- How do we make attributions?- The naive scientist approach (Heider, 1954)- Collect all evidence- Weigh all evidence- Come to a conclusion- What is the relevant information?- How does this person behave in other situations?- How do other people behave in this