Exam # 3 : FinalCh.11- Individual Gender and Cultural Differenceso Altruistic Personality qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situationso Helping doesn’t depend on personality alone, pressures of the situation matter as well. o Factors of helping Situational factors, gender, culture, religion, current moodo Girls do more volunteer worko Boys tend to be more chivalrous and heroico In-group group with which an individual identifieso Out-group group with which they do not identifyo People are more likely to help a person in group instead of out group. o Simpatia range of social and emotional traits- Religion and Prosocial Behavioro Religious people are less likely to help in social situations in which no one will see them helpCh.12- Aggression and Cultureo Human cultures vary widely in their degree of aggressivenesso Acts of aggression in “primitive” tribes have rare acts of aggression- Gender and Aggressiono Boys are more aggressive than girlso Girls express aggression in a more covert wayCh.13- In-group biaso Individuals seek to enhance their self esteem by identifying with social gro-puso Only enhanced if gropus are seen as superior to others groupso Higher personal ratings of in-group peopleGrade BuddySocial Psycholoy1st Edition- Out-group homogeneityo Belief that they are all alikeo Those in the out group tend to see people as more similar to each othero Generalize characteristics to all outgroup members- Ultimate Attribution Erroro Tendency to make dispositional attributes about an individuals negative behavior to an entire group of peopleo Largely effects people of race- Realistic Conflict Theoryo Limited resources lead to conflict among groups and result in prejudice and discriminationo When times are tough and resources are scarce, in-group members feel more threatened by out group members.  Violence increaseso Scapegoating individuals tend to displace aggression towards out groups that are disliked, visible, and have little power. - Contact Hypothesiso Desegregation did not lead to increases in self esteem as hopedo Self esteem went downo Prejudice increasedo No change in 34%o Prejudice decreases in 2 conditions: equal stats share a common goal- When contact produces prejudiceo Six conditions Mutual interdependence Common goal Equal status Friendly, informal setting Multiple members of out group Social norms that promote and support equality among groupsSPA 1: Sustainability- Applied research in social psychologyo 3 Keys Questions are best tested wight the experimental method Studies can be used to understand basic psychological processes Can be used to address pressing social problemso Basic Research concerning primarily with theoretical issueso Applied Research Concerned with addressing specific real world issues- Conveying and Changing Social Normso Injunctive Norms people’s perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disproved by otherso Descriptive Norms people’s perceptions of how people actually behaveo Someone has to be the first to change an injunctive norm- Tracking Consumptiono Keeping track of something is the first step to change- Inducing Hypocrisyo Shower study- What makes people happyo 3 important factors Satisfying relationships Pursuing something you love Helping others- Money, Materialism, and Happinesso Money doesn’t mean happinesso Materialistic people are less happySPA 2: Health- Prevention: promoting healthier behavioro Binge drinkingo Tobacco  #1 cause of preventable deatho