Grade Buddy Social Psycholoy 1st Edition Exam 3 Final Ch 11 Individual Gender and Cultural Differences o Altruistic Personality qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations o Helping doesn t depend on personality alone pressures of the situation matter as well o Factors of helping Situational factors gender culture religion current mood o Girls do more volunteer work o Boys tend to be more chivalrous and heroic o In group group with which an individual identifies o Out group group with which they do not identify o People are more likely to help a person in group instead of out group o Simpatia range of social and emotional traits Religion and Prosocial Behavior o Religious people are less likely to help in social situations in which no one will see them help Ch 12 Aggression and Culture o Human cultures vary widely in their degree of aggressiveness o Acts of aggression in primitive tribes have rare acts of aggression Gender and Aggression o Boys are more aggressive than girls o Girls express aggression in a more covert way Ch 13 In group bias o Individuals seek to enhance their self esteem by identifying with social gropus o Only enhanced if gropus are seen as superior to others groups o Higher personal ratings of in group people Out group homogeneity o Belief that they are all alike o Those in the out group tend to see people as more similar to each other o Generalize characteristics to all outgroup members Ultimate Attribution Error o Tendency to make dispositional attributes about an individuals negative behavior to an entire group of people o Largely effects people of race Realistic Conflict Theory o Limited resources lead to conflict among groups and result in prejudice and discrimination When times are tough and resources are scarce in group members feel more threatened by out group members Violence increases o Scapegoating individuals tend to displace aggression towards out groups that are disliked visible and have little power Contact Hypothesis o Desegregation did not lead to increases in self esteem as hoped o Self esteem went down o Prejudice increased o No change in 34 o Prejudice decreases in 2 conditions equal stats share a common goal When contact produces prejudice o Six conditions Mutual interdependence Common goal Equal status Friendly informal setting Multiple members of out group Social norms that promote and support equality among groups SPA 1 Sustainability Applied research in social psychology o 3 Keys o Questions are best tested wight the experimental method Studies can be used to understand basic psychological processes Can be used to address pressing social problems o Basic Research concerning primarily with theoretical issues o Applied Research Concerned with addressing specific real world issues Conveying and Changing Social Norms o Injunctive Norms people s perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disproved by others o Descriptive Norms people s perceptions of how people actually behave o Someone has to be the first to change an injunctive norm Tracking Consumption o Keeping track of something is the first step to change Inducing Hypocrisy o Shower study What makes people happy o 3 important factors Satisfying relationships Pursuing something you love Helping others Money Materialism and Happiness o Money doesn t mean happiness o Materialistic people are less happy SPA 2 Health Prevention promoting healthier behavior o Binge drinking o Tobacco 1 cause of preventable death o AIDS