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Thea Tran!Professor Brutlag!Genomics and Medicine!• The idea of surrogacy has been around for a long time!" Chapter 16 of the Book of Genesis!" Attorney Noel Keane teamed with Dr. Warren J. Ringold to start the first surrogacy clinic (1981)!" female infertility/medical issues!" single male/female wants to have children !" homosexual couples who cannot adopt because of legal issues!" healthy female who does not want to go through labor/delivery!" 10-16 eggs are acquired from a woman!" Risks of egg donor include:!" excessive bleeding!" 10% suffer from Ovarian Hyper Stimulation Syndrome!" early menopause!" increased risk of ovarian cancer!" a bad reaction to the hormones used to bring about hyperovulation!" Genetic mother (traditional method): the mother is pregnant with her biological child but it is intended that the child will be raised by others!" sexual intercourse!" artificial insemination!" intracervical insemination!" Gestational surrogacy (host method): woman becomes pregnant through an embryo transfer!" more popular!" Altruistic surrogacy: mother receives no financial award!" Commercial surrogacy: surrogate mother is paid!" surrogate mothers are carefully examined!" relatives!" friends!" strangers!" some agencies require surrogate mothers are required to be married and have children of their own!" surrogate agencies: help set up a legal agreement between mothers who will be surrogates for a fee and another party!" handle the medical/legal aspects!" price of the procedure: $75,000-$90,000+!" payment a surrogate mother receives: $25,000-$50,000!" This method is banned in some European countries and highly controlled in the U.S.!" PlanetHospital: send 100+ couples to India in 2008!" India: the practice of surrogacy has been legal since 2002 and is becoming an industry!" Cost for the whole procedure is $25,000: 1/3 of the price in America!" Most Indian women don’t smoke, drink, or do drugs to minimize the chance of prenatal and postnatal complications!" risks common in natural pregnancies!" hyperovulation syndrome!" diabetes!" high blood pressure!" fetal reduction!" multiple pregnancies (mother under 35 years old)!" gestational surrogacy: risk of hepatitis or AIDs!" babies that are born from surrogate mothers are often underweight and are more likely to have abnormalities!" emotional problems may arise!• print name of parents on birth certificate before birth!" California: no law that directly addresses surrogacy!" several cases have been presented to the court!" rule based on “intent of the parties”!" Colorado: no laws and no published cases!" Exploitation: rich foreigners “renting” a womb of poor Indian!" can also be seen as two people helping each other out !" surrogate mothers aren’t paid enough in India!" surrogate mothers usually do NOT have difficulty giving away a child!" there are methods to prevent a surrogate mother from becoming too emotionally attached!" “...it seems it’s always rich white couples playing for the services of poor young women...surrogacy seems to perpetuate the commodification of white children.”!• ~Miriam Erez !• PubMed"• Foreign Couples turn to India for Surrogate Mothers. New York Times."• http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/04/world/asia/04iht-mother.1.10690283.html"• http://www.surromomsonline.com/"• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy"• http://family-law.lawyers.com/paternity/The-Uniform-Parentage-Act-of-2002.html"• http://www.newlifeagency.com/company/index.cfm"• http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/frozenangels/makingbabies.html"• http://www.issuesinmedicalethics.org/171co28"• http://bioethics.com/?p=559"• Images:


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Stanford BIO 118 - Surrogacy

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