HIVHIVhuman immunodeficiency virushuman immunodeficiency virusBy Susi SmithBy Susi SmithPrevalencePrevalenceBetween 39 and 44 million peopleBetween 39 and 44 million peoplearound the word live with AIDS.around the word live with AIDS.60% of people with AIDS live in sub-60% of people with AIDS live in sub-Saharan Africa.Saharan Africa.Between 2.8 and 3.5 million people diedBetween 2.8 and 3.5 million people diedwith AIDS in 2004.with AIDS in 2004.AIDS is a pandemic comparable to theAIDS is a pandemic comparable to thebubonic plague.bubonic plague.Infection RisksInfection RisksWhen pricked by a needle used by an infectedWhen pricked by a needle used by an infectedperson: less than 1/200. Post exposure withinperson: less than 1/200. Post exposure within24 hours a person should start a 28 day24 hours a person should start a 28 dayregimen of HIV drugs, which prevents HIVregimen of HIV drugs, which prevents HIVinfection almost 99%. After 72 hours theinfection almost 99%. After 72 hours theeffectiveness of the regimen decreases to 52%.effectiveness of the regimen decreases to 52%..3% chance of getting infected per sexual.3% chance of getting infected per sexualinteraction with use of a condom.interaction with use of a condom.The presence of cervical The presence of cervical ectopiaectopia, use of oral, use of oralcontraceptive, or pregnancy raises the infectioncontraceptive, or pregnancy raises the infectionrisk.risk.History of HIV/AIDSHistory of HIV/AIDSCDC in 1981 noticed unusual clusters of KaposiCDC in 1981 noticed unusual clusters of Kaposi’’sssarcoma in gay men in NY and San Francisco, whichsarcoma in gay men in NY and San Francisco, whichled to the disease to be called GRID (Gay Relatedled to the disease to be called GRID (Gay RelatedImmune Deficiency).Immune Deficiency).By 1982 the disease was apparent in heterosexuals andBy 1982 the disease was apparent in heterosexuals andwas renamed AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency).was renamed AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency).AIDS was not recognized as a new clinical syndromeAIDS was not recognized as a new clinical syndromeuntil 1981.until 1981.However, researchers examining the earlier medicalHowever, researchers examining the earlier medicalliterature identified cases appearing to fit the AIDSliterature identified cases appearing to fit the AIDSsurveillance definition as early as the 1950s and 1960s.surveillance definition as early as the 1950s and 1960s.The virus is thought to native to monkeys in Africa,The virus is thought to native to monkeys in Africa,specifically of Western Africa.specifically of Western Africa. http:// http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?pagehivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-01-03#S1.2X=kb-01-03#S1.2XTransmissionTransmissionVaginal IntercourseVaginal IntercourseAnal Intercourse (10x higher infection rate thenAnal Intercourse (10x higher infection rate thenvaginal intercourse because of tissue tear)vaginal intercourse because of tissue tear)Oral IntercourseOral IntercourseBlood Transfusion (risk greater than 90% ifBlood Transfusion (risk greater than 90% ifsample is already infected)sample is already infected)Needles (tattoos, injections)Needles (tattoos, injections)Infected mother to the infant through:Infected mother to the infant through:Pregnancy (placenta), Birth, and breastfeeding.Pregnancy (placenta), Birth, and breastfeeding.SymptomsSymptomsAIDS as when a person with HIV has either a CD4 cell count below 200.AIDS as when a person with HIV has either a CD4 cell count below 200.A person contracts an opportunistic infection:A person contracts an opportunistic infection: Kaposi's SarcomasKaposi's SarcomasWastingWasting caused by HIV infection caused by HIV infectionToxoplasmosisToxoplasmosis of the brain of the brainSalmonellaSalmonella : : septicemiasepticemia, recurrent, recurrentPneumoniaPneumonia, recurrent, recurrentLymphomaLymphoma: : Burkitt'sBurkitt's, , immunoblasticimmunoblastic primary, primary, of of brain (primary central nervous system brain (primary central nervous system lymphoma)lymphoma) Disease caused by Disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis, Herpes , Herpes simplexsimplexCandidiasisCandidiasis of of bronchibronchi, , tracheatrachea, , lungslungs, or , or esophagealesophagealCervical cancerCervical cancer, , Invasive (medical)Invasive (medical)DiagnosisDiagnosisThe HIV test used by Americans quantitatively tests forThe HIV test used by Americans quantitatively tests fora CD4 cell count lower than 200 per a CD4 cell count lower than 200 per microlitermicroliter of blood. of blood.However, countries that cannot afford the HIV test useHowever, countries that cannot afford the HIV test usesymptomatic diagnosis set out by the CDC and thesymptomatic diagnosis set out by the CDC and theWorld Health Organization in 2004. An individual mustWorld Health Organization in 2004. An individual musthave:have: “…“…prolonged fevers for a month or more, weight loss ofprolonged fevers for a month or more, weight loss ofover 10% and prolonged diarrheaover 10% and prolonged diarrhea…”…”This leads to over diagnosis of HIV in these countries.This leads to over diagnosis of HIV in these countries.http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDSen.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDSCDC Classification of HIVCDC Classification of HIVCategory 1: > 500 cells/mm3 (or CD4% > 28%)Category 1: > 500 cells/mm3 (or CD4% > 28%)Category 2: 200-499 cells/mm3 (or CD4% 14% -Category 2: 200-499 cells/mm3 (or CD4% 14% -28%)28%)Category 3: < 200 cells/mm3 (or CD4% < 14%)Category 3: < 200 cells/mm3 (or CD4% < 14%)(CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts per (CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts per microlitermicroliter of ofblood)blood)The percentages were derived from correlatingThe percentages were derived from correlatingcounts and percentages from 7 different datacounts and percentages from 7 different datasourcessourcesAIDS and ChildrenAIDS and ChildrenMethods that prevent transmissionMethods that prevent transmissionfrom a mother to a child:from a mother to a child:1.Strict adherence to antiretroviral1.Strict adherence to antiretroviraldrugsdrugs 2.Cesarean Section 2.Cesarean Section 3. Formula 3. FormulaThe earlier stage of HIV infectionThe earlier stage of HIV infectionduring pregnancy the better chanceduring pregnancy the better chancethe baby will be unaffected.the baby will be unaffected.1 in 4 babies born from HIV infected1 in 4 babies born from HIV infectedmothers are infectedmothers are
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