Nutrigenomics Kimberly Kreitinger What is Nutrigenomics Study of how nutrients affect the expression of genes Can be used to prevent diseases Nutrigenetics subset of Nutrigenomics Determines how an individual s genetic information is affected by diet History Nutrient research shifted from epidemiology to genetics in past decade Completion of Human Genome Project Realization that there are genetic predispositions to diseases linked to diet Cardiovascular disease Cancers Diabetes Type II Future Potential Form dietaryintervention strategies for individuals in order to prevent diseases Change the business models for supplement and food industries Validate claims for food products How Do Nutrients Affect Genes Nutrients act as ligands and bind to transcription factors resulting in the repression or activation of various genes Tools Cell cultures DNA microarrays Targets specific genes affected by certain nutrients Same tools as genomic tools in terms of research Caffeinated Coffee Habitual Caffeine Consumption Based on genetic variant that affects adenosine receptor Increased Risk of Heart Disease Carriers of a gene associated with slow caffeine metabolism Decreased Risk of Heart Disease Carriers of a gene associated with fast caffeine metabolism One to three cups of coffee a day Folic Acid Involved in methylation of DNA Undermethylation of DNA associated with growth of cancer cells detected in humans with diets deficient in folic acid Regulates gene that forms methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase MTHFR CC CT individuals normal TT individuals increased risk of vascular disease and premature cognitive decline Normal with higher intake of folic acid Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Examples omega 3 fatty acids fish omega 6 fatty acids vegetable oils Regulates Apolipoprotein A I gene which is associated with the production of high density lipoproteins HDL HDL is associated with a decrease risk in coronary heart disease Women AA AG Polyunsaturated fatty acids increase HDL thus decreasing risk of coronary heart disease GG Polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease HDL thus increasing risk of coronary heart disease Theaflavins Found in black tea Represses genes associated with inflammation Example regulates gene that codes for COX 2 an enzyme associated with pain and inflammation Problems Food is highly variable Effects of food are not immediate Diseases are usually affected by many genes Functions of most genes have yet to be determined Tissue or organ responsible for affect of nutrient not always known Funding for research Businesses WellGen Inflammation WG0401 Patented Enriched Extract from Black Tea Current Project Obesity Salugen Use individual genetic profiles to come up with nutritional regiment Products HAVEOS substance abuse and narcotic tolerance GenoTrim excess cravings contributing to weight problems SpaGen skin and mental well being Others Sciona Suracell GeneSNP Gensona GeneWize Ethical Issues Lack of genomic education on the part of the consumer Direct to Consumer tests have questionable efficiencies Work Cited Astley Si n An Introduction to Nutrigenomics Developments and Trends Genes Nutrition 2 2007 11 13 El Sohemy Ahmed The Science of Nutrigenomics Health Law Review 16 2008 Hirsch Julie and David Evans Beyond Nutrition The Impact of Food on Genes Food Technology 59 2005 24 33 Hirsch Julie and David Evans The State of Nutrigenomics Nutraceuticals World 2005 56 59 Iacoviello Licia Iolanda Santimone Maria Carmela Latella Giovanni de Gaetano and Maria Benedetta Donati Nutrigenomics A Case for the Common Soil between Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer Genes Nutrition 3 2008 19 24 Mutch David Walter Wahli and Gary Williamson Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics The Emerging Faces of Nutrition The FASEB Journal 19 2005 1602 1616 M ller Michael and Sander Kersten Nutrigenomics Goals and Strategies Nature Reviews Genetics 4 2003 315 322 Pipeline Salugen Inc 29 Nov 2008 http www salugen com pipeline html Research Salugen Inc 20 Nov 2008 http www salugen com research html Van Ommen Ben Personalized Nutrition from a Health Perspective Luxury or Necessity Genes Nutrition 2 2007 3 4
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