Chlorine & Its ConsequencesWhat do these things have in common?How does element 17 exist?Chloride ChemistryChloride-Essential MineralRole of Cl- in the BodyRelated DiseasesHistory of ChlorineChlorine- from the Greek word khloros meaning greenish yellowChlorine ChemistryFacts about chlorineWhat is chlorine used for?Chlorine IsotopesRoutes of ExposureExposure to ChlorineCAUTION!CAUTION CONTINUED!ResultsConclusions-Life without plastics-ReferencesChlorine & Its Chlorine & Its ConsequencesConsequencesJacqueline Jacqueline BrazinBrazinIAP2006, 12.091: MEDICAL IAP2006, 12.091: MEDICAL GEOLOGY/GEOCHEMISTRYGEOLOGY/GEOCHEMISTRYMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyJanuary 25, 2006January 25, 2006What do these things have What do these things have in common?in common?SeaSeaChloroxChloroxBleachBleachSaltSaltSoccer BallSoccer BallGatoradeGatoradeHuman BodyHuman BodyHow does element 17 How does element 17 exist? exist? CHLORIDE (CHLORIDE (ClCl--))ÆÆsalt salt VERSUSVERSUSCHLORINE (ClCHLORINE (Cl22) ) ÆÆgasgasChloride ChemistryChloride ChemistryChloride is a byChloride is a by--product of the reaction between product of the reaction between chlorine and an electrolyte such as K, Mg, Na.chlorine and an electrolyte such as K, Mg, Na.““In its original form, chloride is formed from various In its original form, chloride is formed from various rocks into soil and water by years of weathering rocks into soil and water by years of weathering processes.processes.””(Ref. 3) From there, it is transported to (Ref. 3) From there, it is transported to oceans or closed basins, Great Salt Lake.oceans or closed basins, Great Salt Lake.Chloride salts are vital for human metabolic processes Chloride salts are vital for human metabolic processes and have no effects of chlorine gas.and have no effects of chlorine gas.ChlorideChloride--Essential MineralEssential MineralChloride represents Chloride represents 70% of body70% of body’’s total s total negative ion content.negative ion content.Suggested amount of Suggested amount of chloride intake 750chloride intake 750--900mg/day.900mg/day.Main electrolyteMain electrolyteAssists in conduction Assists in conduction of electrical impulsesof electrical impulsesChlorine is an Chlorine is an electrolyte and a electrolyte and a minor element minor element making up 0.14% making up 0.14% concentration of concentration of elements in the elements in the human body. (Ref: human body. (Ref: 12.091 Lecture 12.091 Lecture Notes 1)Notes 1)Role of Role of ClCl--in the Bodyin the BodyCombines with hydrogen to form Combines with hydrogen to form HClHCl, , which breaks down proteins, absorption which breaks down proteins, absorption of other metallic minerals.of other metallic minerals.Maintains electrical neutrality across the Maintains electrical neutrality across the stomach membrane.stomach membrane.With Na & K, chloride works in the With Na & K, chloride works in the nervous system to facilitate transport of nervous system to facilitate transport of electrical impulses.electrical impulses.Related DiseasesRelated DiseasesEXCESS INTAKE:EXCESS INTAKE:Chloride toxicity has not been Chloride toxicity has not been observed in humans except observed in humans except for impaired for impaired NaClNaClmetabolism. metabolism. (congestive heart failure)(congestive heart failure)--This can be avoided by a This can be avoided by a healthy diet and an active healthy diet and an active lifestyle.lifestyle.DEFICIENCY:DEFICIENCY:Rare, but:Rare, but:1. Alkalosis1. Alkalosis--life threatening life threatening condition.condition.--Blood becomes overly alkalineBlood becomes overly alkaline--Results from excess loss of Results from excess loss of sodium (heavy sweating)sodium (heavy sweating)SymptomsSymptoms: muscle weakness, : muscle weakness, loss of appetite, irritability, loss of appetite, irritability, dehydration, lethargy dehydration, lethargy 2. 2. HypochloremiaHypochloremia--water overload, water overload, wasting conditions, extensive wasting conditions, extensive bodily burns.bodily burns.History of ChlorineHistory of ChlorineChlorineChlorine--from the Greek word from the Greek word khloroskhlorosmeaning greenish yellowmeaning greenish yellow17741774--Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm ScheeleScheelediscovers chlorine.discovers chlorine.18261826--First photography: Silver chloride is used in light sensitive imFirst photography: Silver chloride is used in light sensitive images to ages to put the image on film.put the image on film.18471847--Chloroform is used as an anesthetic for 100 years.Chloroform is used as an anesthetic for 100 years.19081908--Jersey City Waterworks in NJ uses chlorine to disinfect the wateJersey City Waterworks in NJ uses chlorine to disinfect the water r supply. (1914supply. (1914--DepDep’’t Treasury required drinking water to be disinfected)t Treasury required drinking water to be disinfected)19121912--PVC was invented without a purpose. B.F. Goodrich marketed as PVC was invented without a purpose. B.F. Goodrich marketed as vinyl and sold it as shower curtains.vinyl and sold it as shower curtains.19151915--First used as a weapon in WWI.First used as a weapon in WWI.19221922--Liquid bleach is sold for individual household use.Liquid bleach is sold for individual household use.19331933--Dow Chemical produces Saran (Dow Chemical produces Saran (polyvinylidenepolyvinylidenechloride), and in chloride), and in 1949 it was marketed as saran wrap.1949 it was marketed as saran wrap.1990s1990s--Chlorine based drugs are used for medical problems ranging from Chlorine based drugs are used for medical problems ranging from ear infections to cancer.ear infections to cancer.Chlorine ChemistryChlorine ChemistryELECTROLYSISELECTROLYSIS(electricity)(electricity)2NaCl + 2H2NaCl + 2H22O O ------------> Cl> Cl22+ 2NaOH +H+ 2NaOH +H22Facts about chlorineFacts about chlorineHighly reactive (Group 7 on the periodic table)Highly reactive (Group 7 on the periodic table)Every year, 12 million tons are produced in Every year, 12 million tons are produced in North AmericaNorth AmericaEconomically important in the USEconomically important in the USChlorine industry supports 2 million jobs in US (Ref: Chlorine