11January 9, 2006: IAP 2006: 12.091 January 9, 2006: IAP 2006: 12.091 Session 1: P. ILASession 1: P. ILAMEDICAL MEDICAL GEOLOGY/GEOCHEMISTRY:GEOLOGY/GEOCHEMISTRY:An ExposureAn ExposurePILLALAMARRI ILAPILLALAMARRI ILAEarth Atmospheric & Planetary SciencesEarth Atmospheric & Planetary SciencesNeutron Activation Analysis LaboratoryNeutron Activation Analysis LaboratoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA 02139Cambridge, MA 02139IAP 2006: 12.091 Credit Course: January 9 IAP 2006: 12.091 Credit Course: January 9 --25, 200625, 2006Session 1, January 9, 2006Session 1, January 9, 2006January9,2006:IAP2006:12.091Session1:P.ILA2DetailedcourseworkThecourseworkinvolvesthefollowing:1. January9,11,16,18,2310AMto12PM5sessionseachof2hours25%2. ReviewQuiz– 5Questions20%3ProjectLiteratureSurvey– Writingareport30%4. ProjectPresentation25%Requiredpercentagetopassthiscourseis85%Grading:P/FJanuary9,2006:IAP2006:12.091Session1:P.ILA3Session 1 January 9, 2006ObjectiveIntroduction:DefinitionsandterminologyofMedicalGeology/GeochemistryClassificationofelements:PeriodictableofelementsMajor,minorandtraceElements:GeologicalandbiologicalmaterialsGeochemicalclassificationElementallinkbetweengeosphere andbiosphere:AnattempttounderstandingEssentialandnon‐essentialelementswithreferencetohumanhealthSelectionofElementsforReportandPresentationIntroductionIntroductionDefinitions &TerminologyDefinitions &TerminologyOf Of Medical Medical Geology/GeochemistryGeology/GeochemistryJanuary 9, 2006: IAP 2006: 12.091 Session 1: P. ILA5Definitions – Terminology Geology definition Scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth. Structure of a specific region of the earth's crust. Scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the solid matter of a celestial body.What is geology? “Geology, the study of the earth, employs the methods of other sciences, as well as those unique to geology, to investigate the nature, processes, and history of the earth.”http://www.udel.edu/geology/define.htmlJanuary 9, 2006: IAP 2006: 12.091 Session 1: P. ILA6Definitions –Terminology …Geochemistry The scientific study of the composition and alterations of the solid matter of the earth or a celestial body.  Scientific study of chemical processes and reactions forming the rocks and soils, and the cyclic processes that transport the Earth's chemical components in time and space.Some important fields of geochemistry are: Isotope geochemistry: Scientific determination of the relative and absolute concentrations of the elements and their isotopes inside the earth and on the surface, examining the distribution and movements of elements in different parts of the earth such as crust, mantle etc., and also determining the distribution and movement of minerals. Cosmogeochemistry: Chemistry of the composition of elements and their isotopes in the cosmos. Organic geochemistry: Scientific study of processes and compounds that are derived from living or once-living organisms.January 9, 2006: IAP 2006: 12.091 Session 1: P. ILA7Definitions – Terminology …Environmental Geochemistryis the study of the geologic processes that interact strongly with the materials present in the Earth’s crust. The geologic processes: weathering of rocks,  soil formation,  solutes in surface and ground water,  global atmospheric transport of particulate matter, global cycling of contaminant products.January 9, 2006: IAP 2006: 12.091 Session 1: P. ILA8Definitions – Terminology …“geomedicine”or “geographic medicine”In 1930s , was the science using the geographical and cartographical methods to explain the results of medical research. The term was redefined in 1990 as “the science dealing with the influence of ordinary environmental factors on the geographic distribution of health Problems in man and animals”.- J. Lag Reference: General Survey of Geomedicine in Geomedicine, pp 1-24, J. Lag CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl, 1990.January 9, 2006: IAP 2006: 12.091 Session 1: P. ILA9Definitions – Terminology …“Medical geography looks at the geographical distribution of disease while not focusing on the underlying geology. It examines the causal associations between specific diseases and the physical and social environments.”Medical geochemistry looks at the effects of geochemical processes and geological factors on the health of humans and plants.Medical geology/geochemistry and geographic medicine definitionsReferences:Selinus 2002, Finkelman et al 2001 ; Lag 1990; Medical Geology: new relevance in the earth sciences.C. A. Bowman, P. T. Bobrowsky, O. Selinus Episodes Vol. 26(4) 270-278, 2003January 9, 2006: IAP 2006: 12.091 Session 1: P. ILA10Definitions – Terminology …Medical Geology/Geochemistryis the study of interactionbetween abundances of elements and isotopes and the health of humansand plants.Toxicology, Biology, Pathology, Hydrology, Epidemiology, Nuclear Analytical Techniques …Classification of ElementsClassification of ElementsPeriodic Table of ElementsPeriodic Table of ElementsMajorMajor--MinorMinor--Trace ElementsTrace ElementsGeochemical ClassificationGeochemical ClassificationEssential and NonEssential and Non--EssentialEssentialJanuary 9, 2006: IAP 2006: 12.091 Session 1: P. ILA12Classification of elementsBefore I proceed to explain the relationship between the concentration of elements and human nutrition,first I like to review the classification of elements.Different studies classified the elements differently.The well known Periodic Table of Elements shows the grouping of elements based on their chemical characteristics.January 9, 2006: IAP 2006: 12.091 Session 1: P. ILA13Figure 1. Periodic Table of ElementsNote: The symbol for element 105 is Db [Ref. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th Edition, 2005-2006]. The symbol Ha, also, is in use for element 105 . [Ref. http://periodic.lanl.gov]January 9, 2006: IAP 2006: