ECOL 182R 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures 1 25 Lecture 1 Who is Carolus Linnaeus The Father of Taxonomy who created the Great Chain of Being What did Charles Darwin propose Evolution by natural selection What are the three forms of natural selection Directional stabilizing and disruptive selection Lecture 2 Define evolution A change in allele frequency over time in a population of organisms What is the proportion of an allele in a particular population called Allele frequency What are the four mechanisms of evolution Natural selection genetic drift gene flow and mutation Which evolutionary processes are responsible for the increase in white lizards in the sand dunes Natural selection and mutation What kind of variation in a trait is required for evolution to occur Genetically based variation Which kind of variation will not result in evolution Environmentally based variation Lecture 3 Define population A group of potentially interbreeding individuals of the same species coexisting in the same place at the same time What are the two ways that new species diverge from existing species Isolation separation and genetic divergence reproductive isolation What are the two ways a population can break into two Allopatric speciation sympatric speciation What s the difference between prezygotic and postzygotic barriers Prezygotic is something that happens before the zygote is formed and postzygotic happens after the zygote is formed True or false Scientists know exactly why speciation rates differ so much False They only have an idea that it has to do with specialization and sexual selection Lecture 4 What are the Four F s of Behavior Feeding fighting fleeing and reproducing True or false Sex leads to recombination which repairs damaged DNA True What is the difference in the eggs of males vs females Male eggs are really small and cheap to make while female eggs are large and expensive to make What are the two sexes of plants 1 Dioecy the plant is either male or female 2 Monoecy the plant is male female they have both parts or they have a male and female budding from the same plant What are the two ways plants locate mates 1 Pollinate themselves 2 Pollinate someone else Lecture 5 What are the four levels of analysis Mechanism development function and evolution What does development have to do with Does a species do better at something with age experience What does evolution have to do with Looking at what a species past ancestors did Define altruism Any behavior that benefits a recipient while incurring a cost to its donor What are the three forms of altruism Manipulation reciprocity kind selection Lecture 6 What is the classical view of evolution Living organisms are constant unchanging What was Buffon s view of evolution The creation of species is spread out in space How does Charles Darwin define evolution Descent with modification What is the key to evolution as a scientific fact Signatures of shared ancestry What are two examples of evidence from functional morphology Vestigial organs homologous structures What was Von Baer s Law of development Features that distinguish between different species tend to arise later in development Lecture 7 True or false Protists are a natural evolutionary grouping False They re a grouping of convenience What are deep branching eukaryotes Those that diverges shortly after the split of the major domains of life What is the key innovation of eukaryotes The nuclear membrane What are red tides Massive blooms of dinoflagellates Where are protists particularly abundant Aquatic environments Lecture 8 How many nuclei flagella do diplomonadida have Two nuclei associated with four flagella What is special about the shell of diatoms It is silicon rich What are the foramen in Foraminifera A hole for the holes in the test through which pseudopodia emerge What are three characteristics of fungi 1 Terrestrial ecosystems 2 Feed by absorption 3 Unusual life cycles What kind of fungi are critical in soil plant interactions Mycorrhizal fungi What are some human diseases that fungi cause Valley fever athlete s foot vaginitis and ringworm Lecture 9 In plant evolution what do innovations of each new group lead to Domination by that group What s the difference of meiosis and mitosis In meiosis the chromosome number is halves Mitosis preserves the chromosome number What do nonvascular plants lack Tracheids True or false Angiosperms are highly diverse and make up for 80 of plant life on Earth True Lecture 10 What is symbiosis Intimate association between unrelated organisms not necessarily beneficial What does the Polymerase chain reaction do Makes lots of DNA out of very small amounts What did the Human Microbiome project do Characterized all bacteria associated with humans How much bacteria is found of human skin 1000 species of bacteria If a mother passes bacteria onto her offspring one could assume that the bacteria is Beneficial to the offspring Lecture 11 What are the three main traits of animals Multicellular Heterotrophs Move under their own power at some point in their life cycle How many phyla of animals are there 34 What are vertebrates Animals with skulls and usually backbones are monophyletic How do suspension feeders feed They capture their food by filtering out particles suspended in air or water What do detritivores eat Only dead matter What is hemimetabolous metamorphosis The juvenile is called a nymph and it looks like a mini version of the adult What are the four groups within the basal lineage of animals Porifera cnidarian ctenophore and acoelomorpha Lecture 12 What are the three main traits of protostome evolution 1 Bilateral symmetry 2 Triploblastics coelomates 3 Monophyletic comprising 2 lineages lophotrochozoa ecdysozoa How do ecdysozoa grow Molting the shedding of the soft cuticle or hard exoskeleton What does the hemocoal provide for arthropods Space for internal organs and fluid circulation What are the three major components of the molluscan body plan The foot the visceral mass and the mantle What is the most prominent lineage of Chelicerata Arachnids spiders scorpions mites and ticks What is carapace in crustaceans A platelike section of their exoskeleton that covers protects the cephalothorax Lecture 13 What are the four phyla of deuterostomes Echinodermata hemichordate xenoturbellida and chordate What are echinoderms defined by A water vascular system What are the four things that define the phylum Chordata 1 Pharyngeal gill slits 2