ECOL 182R 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 11 19 Lecture 11 What are the three traits that animals are recognized by Multicellular Heterotrophs and they move under their own power at some point in their life cycle How many arthropod species are there 1 100 000 What are diploblasts And triploblasts Animals whose embryos have two types of tissues germ layer the ectoderm and the endoderm Triploblasts have those layers as well as a mesoderm What is a coelom A fluid filled body cavity What are the three events in embryonic development for protostomes and deuterostomes Cleavage gastrulation and coelom formation True or false Vertebrates and invertebrates are natural groupings False They are groupings of convenience What are detritivores Animals that eat only dead matter What is the difference between viviparous oviparous and ovoviviparous Viviparous is basically live birth Oviparous is when the eggs are laid independently of females like chickens Ovoviviparous is when the female retains eggs inside her body during early development but the growing embryos are nourished by yolk inside the egg and not by nutrients from the mother What is the juvenile called in Hemimetabolous Metamorphosis A nymph Lecture 12 True or false Most animals are protostomes True List two characteristics of protostomes They have bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic coelomates What is the main difference between Lochotrochozoan and Ecdysozoa Their methods of growth Ecdysozoa grow by molting What is the basic body plan of protostomes like Most have wormlike bodies with a basic tube within a tube design Radical changes happened in the coelom as they diversified What are arthropods distinguished by Their jointed limbs and an exoskeleton made of chitin What are the three major components of mollusks Foot visceral mass and mantle The coelom s functions are replaced by the visceral mass and the muscular foot What are the three major subgroups of Platyhelminthes Turbellarians Cestodes and Trematodes What are the two major lineages of Annelida segmented worms Polychaeta and Clitellata List and briefly describe the four most important lineages of Mollusca 1 Bivalvia Have two separate calcium carbonate shells Are suspension feeders Only external reproduction 2 Gastropodia Large muscular foot on their ventral side and lack many shells Have radula in their mouths to scrape away food Most reproduce sexually 3 Polyplacophora Have 8 calcium carbonate plates on their dorsal side that forms a protective shell Reproduce sexually and externally many have trochophore larvae 4 Cephalopoda Well developed head and a foot that forms tentacles Barely have shells Large brains and eyes with sophisticated lenses Highly intelligent Have a radula and a beak for biting Reproduce sexually and internally via a spermatophore packet In terms of species diversity and abundance what kind of environments do insects dominate Terrestrial environments Describe the body plan of Crustaceans Segmented body divided into the cephalothorax combined head thorax and the abdomen Many have a carapace which is a plate like section of their exoskeleton that protects the cephalothorax Lecture 13 What are the four phyla od Deuterostomes Echinodermata Hemichordata Xenoturbellida and Chordata Describe Echinoderms Adults are radially symmetric larvae are bilaterally symmetric The re defined by their water vascular system Their elongated fluid filled tube feet are important in that water vascular system They have an endoskeleton What are the four characteristics that Chordates are defined by 1 Pharyngeal gill slits which are openings into the throat 2 A notochord which is a flexible rod that runs the length of the body 3 A dorsal hollow nerve cord 4 A muscular post anal tail What are the three subphyla of Chordata Urochordates Cephalochordates and craniata vertebrates What are tetrapods What are the three innovations that allowed them to reproduce on land The first vertebrates that could reproduce on land 1 Amniotic egg 2 Placenta 3 Elaboration of parental care What are the five major lineages of Echinodermata 1 Feather stars sea lilies 2 Sea stars basket stars 3 Sea urchins sand dollars 4 Sea cucumbers Describe shark fertilization reproduction They use internal fertilization and fertilized eggs may be shed into the water or retained until young are hatched Some are viviparous What does it mean to be an endotherm Give an example of one To regulate body temperatures internally Mammals are an example What are the four main lineages of Reptilia Turtles Snakes lizards Crocs alligators and Birds What are the two main groups of primates and what do they mean 1 Prosimians Means before monkeys 2 Anthropoids Means human like Lecture 14 What did Aleksandr Oparin argue A primeval soup of organic molecules could be created in an oxygen less atmosphere through sunlight Life arose in this soup He said that this is now impossible because the conditions have changed so much and because the presence of living organisms would immediately consume any products of such reactions What did J B S Haldane argue Earth s prebiotic oceans would have formed a hot dilute soup where organic compounds could have formed Living matter could evolve from self replicating but non living molecules What did Sidney Fox do discover He showed that by heating certain proteins microspheres form spontaneously Under the right conditions microspheres bud new spheres What did Carl Woese suggest about the first Earth and why does it make so much sense He said that the first Earth may have been an RNA world which makes sense because DNA synthesis required RNA primer RNA not DNA is used in protein synthesis What did Eigen Schuster suggest By linking replication lots more information can be stably maintained in an early self replicating system What does SETI stand for Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence What are the four closest examples of possible life nearby Earth 1 Europa 4th largest moon of Jupiter 2 Mars 3 Titan largest moon of Saturn 4 Enceladus 6th largest moon of Saturn What are the planetary conditions for life 1 Sun like stars 2 Medium size If it s too big there would be shorter life and not enough time to evolve If it s too small there wouldn t be enough heat 3 Liquid water or water ammonia mixtures List the Big Five mass extinctions 1 Ordovician Silurian 2 Late Devonian 3 Permian Triassic 4 Cretaceous Tertiary What are the two possible future death extinctions 1 Gamma ray burst 2 Comet