10/30/20131DR. JOSIE COVERDALEANSC 303VitaminsVitamins - Introduction Essential organic compounds required in very small amounts Fundamental functions growth maintenance of health metabolism10/30/20132Vitamins - ClassificationFat Soluble A D E KWater Soluble Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenic acid B6 B12 Folic acid Choline Vitamin CVitamins - ClassificationFat Soluble Closely associated with the absorption and transport of lipids requires bile salts transport by chylomicrons Stored in body lipidsWater Soluble Absorbed directly into the portal blood Not retained by body for long periods of time exception B12 Excreted in urine when plasma levels exceed normal10/30/20133Vitamin A Required in all animal diets Can be provided as vitamin or precursor ( carotene) Occurs in several forms Retinol - alcohol Retinal - aldehyde Retinoic acid - acid Stored in the liver Long-term consumption may be toxicVitamin A - Functions Normal vision Epithelial cell differentiation Bone growth and remodeling Synthesis of glycoproteins Antioxidant10/30/20134Vitamin A and VisionVitamin A - Deficiency Significance greater than other vitamins Night blindness Cell keratinization Xerophthalmia Reproductive failure Abnormal skeletal development/maintenance10/30/20135Vitamin D Sterols have biological activity D2– ergosterol or calciferol (Plant source) D3– 7-dehydrocholesterol (Animal source) Poultry UV light converts sterols to active formVitamin D Functions Elevate plasma Ca and P Normal bone function Prevent tetany10/30/20136Deficiency of Ca, P, or Vitamin D Abnormal skeletal development Osteomalacia older animals Rickets younger animals Toxicity Calcification of soft tissueMilk Fever Ca deficiency High demand for milk Ca during early lactation severe hypocalcemia Factors associated parturition onset of lactation breed age diet10/30/20137Blood CaBone CaDietary CaAbsorbed CaEndogenous CaFecal CaSweat Ca Urinary CaGI TractCa Apposition Ca ResorptionCalcitoninParathyroid GlandPTH1,25(OH)2D3 from kidneyPlasma CaPlasma Ca++-Milk Fever Symptoms listless staggers or weaves when walks lies down in characteristic pose decreased plasma Ca NO fever10/30/20138Milk FeverPlasma CaPTH1,25(OH)2D3Absorption from GI tractAbsorption from kidneyResorption from bonePlasma Ca increasedMilk Fever Treatment IV Ca solution Prevention options Feed low Ca diet in dry period Ca mobilization occurs prior to lactation Alter dietary cation-anion balance Feed anion salts or adjust dietary K10/30/20139Vitamin K A group of compouds Phylloquinone (K1) – green vegetables Menaquinone (K2) – bacterial product Menadione (K3) - syntheticVitamin K - Functions Activates blood clotting factors Prothrombin formation10/30/201310Vitamin K - Deficiency Prolonged clotting time Generalized hemorrhages Normally provided in sufficient amounts by intestinal flora Toxicity Phylloquinone and menaquinoneare nontoxic Menadione toxic to skin and respiratory tract in high dosesVitamin E Alpha-Tocopherol is active form D isomer more active than L Supplement – DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate Vitamin is very unstable Easily oxidized PUFA Interrelated to Se10/30/201311Vitamin E - Functions Antioxidant Free radical scavenger Maintains cell membranes Nucleic acid and protein metabolism Mitochondrial metabolism Supplementation may increase antibody productionVitamin E - Deficiency Reproductive failure Embryonic degeneration Ovarian failure Derangement of cell permeability Liver, brain, kidney, or blood capillaries Necrosis Muscular lesions White Muscle Disease Wide range of safe intake compared to other fat soluble vitamins10/30/201312Water Soluble VitaminsFunctions of Water Soluble Vitamins10/30/201313Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Synthesized from glucose Except humans, primates, guinea pigs Functions Collagen formation Deficiency Scurvy – edema, weight loss, diarrhea Structural defects of bone, connective tissueThiamin (B1) Functions Coenzyme – used in decarboxylation of alpha keto acids Deficiency Polyneuritis – retraction of head in chicks Cardiovascular disturbances Beriberi – heart enlargement, numbness Bradycardia – slow heart rate10/30/201314Riboflavin (B2) Function Coenzymes FAD and FMN Deficiency Reduced growth Ecodermal lesions Curled-toe paralysis Cataracts Moon blindness in horsesNiacin  Functions Component of NAD and NADP Deficiency Reduced growth & appetite Dermatitis, diarrhea Black tongue – dog Pellagra – man Niacin in grain not available to non-ruminant animals Tryptophan can be converted to niacin10/30/201315Pantothenic Acid Function Component of coenzyme A Deficiency Reduced growth, dermatitis Goose stepping - swineVitamin B6 Function Coenzyme for reactions in protein and nitrogen metabolism PLP RBC formation Deficiency Nervous system degeneration Reduced antibody response10/30/201316Vitamin B12 Function Coenzyme Related to folic acid metabolism Deficiency Reduced growth Anemia Microbes synthesize from cobalt Often deficient in monogastric dietsFolic Acid Function Incorporation of single-C units into molecules Related to B12metabolism Deficiency Macrocytic anemia Leukopenia10/30/201317Choline Function Methyl donor Component of acetylcholine and phospholipids Nerve impulses Chylomicron formation Deficiency Fatty liver; kidney degeneration Perosis - chicksBiotin Function Coenzyme Hoof and hair health  Deficiency Dermatitis Perosis10/30/201318Unique Requirements of Ruminants and Horses Cobalt required to synthesize B12 Synthesize adequate vitamin K and B vitamins adult animals effect of stressUnits of Measure Fat soluble vitamins International Unit (IU) Standard unit potency based on bioassay that produces a particular effect International Chick Unit (ICU) Used to express vitamin D requirements of poultry Other vitamins measured in weight units  mcg, mg, ng,