11/12/20131Feed Additives for LivestockANSC 303Dr. Josie CoverdaleWhat are feed additives? Non-nutritive feed ingredients added to a ration Not required No deficiency Examples: Antibiotics Growth promoters (hormone-like) Probiotics/Prebiotics Buffers Enzymes11/12/20132How are these regulated? In the United States feed ingredients additives are regulated by the FDA Used in accordance with food additive and drug regulation unless generally recognized as safe (GRAS) Complete list of feed ingredients and GRAS substances maintained by the Associate of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) >1,000 drugs approved for use by the FDAAnimal products must comply with laws of the counties in which they are being soldAAFCO Regulates the manufacture, distribution, and sale of safe and effective animal feeds Guaranteed analysis Regulation of feed additives Added to a basic feed mix to fulfill a need Used in micro quantities and requires careful handling/mixing11/12/20133FDA Regulations  Goals of FDA regulations as controlled by the Center for Veterinary Medicine Determine that drugs and medicated feeds are properly labeled for intended use Determine that animal feed and food derived from animals is safe to eat No drug can be used until adequate research is submitted to prove it is safe and effectiveWhy do we use these? Improve rate of gain Improve feed efficiency Disease preventionImprove Profitability!Allows development of intense management systems because disease and parasites can be controlled11/12/20134Consumer Concerns Food safety Antibiotic resistance Chemical/Hormone residue in food Proper use is critical Following dosage directions Avoid mixing additives unless approved for combination use Observe withdrawal timeTypes of Feed Additives Medications Antibiotics Estrus suppression Anthelmintic Probiotics Prebiotics Flavors Acidifiers Enzymes Beta-adrenergic agonists11/12/20135Additives Common for Poultry Antimicrobials Minimize disease Growth promotion Antioxidants Emulsifiers Binders Buffers Enzymes Amylase Phytase AcidifiersAdditives Common for Swine Antibiotics Anthelmintics Pharmacological Cu & Zn Organic acids Probiotics Prebiotics Fatty acids Beta-adrenergic agonists Enzymes11/12/20136Additives Common for Beef Cattle Medications Antibiotics Coccidoisis Scours Respiratory disease Liver abscesses Ionophores Hormones Beta-adrenergic agonists Buffers Anthelmintics Bloat preventionAdditives Common for Dairy Cattle Anionic salts Probiotics Prebiotics Buffers Supplemental nutrients Niacin Biotin Vitamin A Choline ZincMany are rumen protected sources11/12/20137Anthelmintics Used for control of internal and external parasites in poultry and swine Reduction of internal parasites improves animal health and efficiency Examples in swine:  Fenbendazole Pyrantel tartrate Ivermectin PiperazineWithdrawal times vary Antibiotics Compounds produced by microorganisms (bacteria or fungi)  Inhibit growth/metabolism of other microorganisms May be toxic Fed to young, growing animals at low levels (sub-therapeutic) to reduce incidence of disease Indirectly improves efficiency11/12/20138Antibiotics Response varies by species, season, environmental conditions, etc. Used continuously to: Reduce incidence of diarrhea (scours) Discourage liver abscesses in cattle Reduce respiratory diseaseAntibiotic Use Long term sub-therapeutic use for prevention of Coccidiosis Diarrhea (scours) Liver abscesses in cattle Respiratory disease Short term therapeutic  Treat existing disease Anaplasmosis in cattle Respiratory disease Enteritis11/12/20139Antibiotics – Examples of Use Use of tylosin (Tylan) to reduce incidence of liver abscesses in beef cattle Liver abscess are common on high grain diets (feedlot rations) Costly for producer and packer Supplementation with tylosin Reduces liver abscesses 73% ADG increases 2.1%  Efficiency improves 2.6% $5 to $14/hd lost without supplementationAntibiotics – Examples of Use Used in swine production  Sub-therapeutic levels for growth promotion Improved gain and feed efficiency Effectiveness?  Management vs. supplementation Stage of life Examples Bacitracin Chlortetracycline Neomycin Lots more approved for use in swine11/12/201310Antibiotics in Swine ProductionStage Control Antibiotic % ImprovementStarting Phase (15 – 55 lb)ADG 0.86 0.99 16.4Feed/Gain 2.28 2.13 6.9Growing Phase ( 38 – 108 lb)ADG 1.30 1.46 10.6Feed/Gain 2.91 2.78 4.5Growing-Finishing Phase (53 – 200 lb)ADG 1.52 1.59 4.2Feed/Gain 3.30 3.23 2.2Antibiotics as Growth Promoters - Ionophores Approved first as a coccsidostat in poultry Used in cattle (beef and dairy) to improve rumen efficiency Stocker Feedlot Dairy heifers and dry cows Increases propionate production Increased rumen efficiency Less acetate and lactate production Less methane11/12/201311Antibiotics as Growth Promoters - Ionophores Improves ADG 5 to 15% and efficiency by 8 to 12% in stocker cattle Improves ADG 1 to 6% and efficiency by 3.5 to 8% in feedlot cattle Synergetic effect with implants Common sources: monensin (Rumensin®), lasalocid (Bovatec®) and laidolycin propionate (Cattlyst®) Toxic to horsesHormone-Like Additives Only one remains on the FDA approved list – melengestrol acetate (MGA) Recent changes to use in conjunction with Monensin (ionophore) and Tylosin (antibiotic) Used to suppress estrus in beef heifers (progestogen) Increased ADG and G:F during finishing Also used for reproductive synchronization11/12/201312Hormone-like Substances Other hormone-like products are used as subcutaneous implants progesterone, testosterone, estradiolHormone-like Substances Use of implants Small pellets place in ear that dissolve over 100 – 120 days Improve growth 10 to 20% Decrease cost of beef product 5 to 10%11/12/201313Beta Adrenergic Agonists Used in swine and cattle as a feed supplement Increases growth of lean tissue, decreases fat Structurally similar to epinephrine Muscle response Increases synthesis, decreased degradation Adipose response Decreased