Vitamin'''''''''''''''''''Function'''''''''''''''''''Deficiency/Toxicity'''''''Form'Stuff'''''''''''''''Special'''''''''''''''''Supplementation'Vitamin'D'Elevate'Plasma'Ca'&'P'=Normal'bone'function'=Prevent'tetany'(applies'to'Ca,'P'&'D)'Abnormal'skeletal'development'=Osteomalacia'===older'animals'=Rickets'===younger'animals'Toxicity'–'calcification'of'small'tissue'Sterols'=D2'–'Plant'=D2'–'Animal'(poultry)''UV'Light'converts'sterols'to'active'form'Especially'affects''3'tissues'=intestines'=kidney'=bone''E'1.'Antioxidant'=free'rad'scavenger'=maintains'cell'membranes'2.'nucleic'acid'&'protein'metab.'3.'mitochondrial'metab''White'muscle'disease'***'=Alpha'tocopherol'is'active'form'=d'isomer'more'active'than'L'=unstable'easily'oxidized'=PUFA'correlated'to'se'(both'can'cause'white'muscle'disease)''=DL=alpha=tocopheryl'acetate<sup'==supplementation'may'increase'ANTIBODY'production'K'''''Fat'Soluble'''Water'soluble''Activates'blood'clotting'factors'==prothrombin'formation'Prolonged'clotting'time'==generalized'hemorrhages'Phylloquinone'and'menaquinone'nontoxic'Menadione'toxic'to'skin'&'resp.'tract'in'high'doses'*little'documented'deficiency''Synthesized'adequately'in'Ruminants'and'Horses'===adult'animals'====effect'of'stress'=normally'provided'in'sufficient'amounts'by'intestinal'flora''C'(absorbic'acid)'Collagen''formation'Def'–'scurvy'–'edema,'weight'loss,'diarrhea'=structural'defects'of'bone,'connective'tissue''Synthesized'from'glucose(except'humans'monkeys'guinea'pigs)''Thiamin'(B1)'Coenzyme*'='used'in'decarboxylation'of'alpha'keto'acids'polyneuritis'–'retraction'of'head'in'chicks'cardiovascular'disturbances'=Beriberi='heart'enlarges'=Bradycardia=slow'heart'rate''**Ruminants'and'horses'synthesize'adequate'B'Vitamins!''(see'K)''Riboflavin'(B2)'Coenzymes*'FAD'&'FMN'Reduced'growth'Ectodermal'lesions'Curled'toe'paralysis'Cataracts'=moon'blindness=>horses''''Niacin'Component'of'NAD'&'NADP'Reduced'growth'&'appetite'Dermatitis,'diarrhea'Tryptophan'can'be'converted'to'niacin'In'grain'–'not'available'to'Non'–'Ruminant''Black'tongue='dog'Pellagra'–'man'''Pantothenic'Acid'Component'of'coenzyme'A'Reduced'growth,'dermatitis'Goose'stepping'–'=>Swine''''Vitamin'B6'Coenzyme'for'reactions'in'protein'and'nitrogen'metabolism'*PLP'RBC'Formation'Nervous'system'degeneration'Reduced'Antibody'Response''''''Vitamin'B12'''Coenzyme'Related'to'folic'acid'metabolism'''Reduced'Growth'Anemia''''Synthesized'by'microbes'from'cobalt''Folic'Acid'Incorporation'of'single=C'units'into'Molecu le s'Related'to'B12'Metabolism'Macrocytic'anemia'Leukopenia''''Choline'Methyl'Donor'Component'of'acetylcholine'&'phospholipids'==nerve'impulses'Chylomicron'Formation*'Fatty'Liver,'Kidney'degeneration'Perosis=àChicks*(“slipped'tendon'disease”)''''Biotin'Coenzyme'Hoof'and'hair'health'Dermatitis'(typical'in'human'& 'h o rs e)'Perosis*'(chicks)''''''''''''''Mineral'Function'Deficiency/tox'Diet/tox/other'Special'Relations'Absorption'Calcium'Bone/teeth'formation'and'maintenance''==99%'of'body'Ca''Blood'coagulation''Muscle'contraction'Rickets'or'Osteomalacia'Tetany'–lack'of'ATP'(mg)'to'return'Ca'to'storage'after'muscle'movement''Milk'fever'Forages'–'mod/high'Ca'Grains'–'low'Ca'*common'need'for'supplementation''Blood'levels'controlled'by'1,25'OH'D3'&'PTH'Link'b/w'muscle'excitation'&'contraction'Ratio'of'2:1'(Ca:P)''Duodenum'and'jejunum'=active'or'passive''Decreased'high'pH,'high'fat'or'high'phytic'acid'in'diet'P'Component'of'bones/teeth'Energy'Transformation'(ATP)'Acid=Base'balance'Rickets'Osteomalacia'=80%'in'bone'=20%'in'soft'tissue'===membrane'phospholipids,'DNA,'RNA''Blood'levels'controlled'by'1,25'OH'D3'&'PTH''*common'need'for'supplementation'High'P'limits'Ca'absorption'Active'&'passive'Plant'P'often'unavailable'to'animal'(phytic'acid)'Phytic'acid'Phytate/phytic'acid'is'the'main'storage'form'of'P'in'grains''Supplemental'Phytase'–Increases'availability'of'dietary'P'=lowers'supplemental'P'required'in'diet'=lowers'P'excretion'Monogastrics'lack'enzyme'(phytase)'needed'to'digest'==P'excretion'''Mg'Bone'formation'==50%'in'bone'Associated'w/'ATP'metabolism'Required'for'energy'releasing'enzyme'activity'in'skeletal'muscle'Anorexia,'reduced'weight'gain'Hyperemia'Tetany'Usually'adequate'levels'in'Diet''Produced'ATP'which'is'needed'for'detachment'and'Ca'uptake'Almost'never'need'supplementation'''Na'Electrolyte*'Acid=base'balance''Osmotic'pressure'balance'Decreased'growth'and'body'weight'*blood'concentrations'highly'regulated'Electrolyte'solutions'–'treat/prevent'dehydration'Osmotic'pressure'=='90%'k'intracellular;'10%'Na'*Common'need'for'supplementation'K'Electrolyte*'Acid=base'balance''Osmotic'pressure'balance'Abnormal'heart'function;'decreased'growth,'muscle'weakness'*excess'intake=incre a sed'excretion''little'danger'of'toxicity'if'water'available'Species'specific'Various'forms'Osmotic'pressure'=='90%'k'intracellular;'10%'Na'Almost'never'need'supplementation'Cl'Electrolyte'etc.*'Decreased'growth'Na'K'&'Cl'all'synonymous'except'for'specific'functions'&'supplement'NaCl'added'to'increase'palatability'=====iodized'salt'Cl'main'extracellular'anion'*common'need'for'supplementation'S'Minimal'involvemen t