CHEN 304 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Chapter 1- Majority of chemical processing operations are carried out either partly or totally in fluidstate due to cost effectiveness and efficiency- Fluidso A substance that will deform continuously when it is subject to a tangential or shear forceo Continuously deformso Gases are made of spread out moleculeso Liquids are formed of spread out molecules but are closer together than in gases- Solidso Can resist a shear forceo Made from atoms or molecules close together in a specific geometry- Stresseso Force per unit areao Perpendicular stress – normal  Tensile – outward force Compressive – inward forceo Tangential stress – deformation- Pressureo Force per unit areao Exerts force from all directions- Velocityo[¿]LTo The rate of change of the position of a fluid particle with timeo Has magnitude and directiono Macroscopic – ignore variation with positiono Microscopic – consider variation with positiono The closer molecules are to the moving surface the higher their velocity- Densityo The mass of molecules per unit volumeo Liquids are mostly incompressible meaning density is constanto Gases are compressible meaning density is a function of pressure or temperatureo Bulk density is when the oscillating of a fluid levels out and is 5-10 times the molecular diametero Specific gravity is the ratio of density of a fluid at standard conditions- Basic Property Dimensionso Masso Timeo Length- Viscosityo[¿]M¿o A measure of the resistance to flowo Liquids – continuous breaking and reforming of interactions between moleculeso Gases – random motion and collisions are responsible- Volumetric Flow Rateo[¿]L3T- Mass Flow Rateo[¿]MT- Momentum Flow Rateo[¿]M LT- Fluid Typeso Newtonian – constant velocity with respect to shear rate; n=1o Nonnewtonian – viscosity is a function of shear rateo Bingham fluid – flow only when yield stress is exceededo Sheer thinning fluid – contains components that can deform and rearrange to accommodate flow; n<1o Sheer thickening fluid – contains components that cannot deform or rearrange toaccommodate the flow; n>1- Kinematic Viscosityo[¿]L2T- Surface Tensiono[¿]MLT2o Work needed to increase interfacial area- Forceo[¿]MLT2- Accelerationo[¿]LT2- Energyo[¿]M L2T2Chapter 2- Mass Conservation Lawo Total or species balance- Total Energy Conservation Lawo Internal, kinetic, potential, and pressure- Momentum Conservation Lawo Linear or angular- Powero[¿]M L2T3o Rate of expanding energy- Bernoulli’s Equationo The flow is steady stateo There are no work effectso Flow is frictionlesso Fluid is incompressible- Applications of Bernoulli’s Equationo Tank drainingo Orifice plate metero Pitot tube- Choosing a Control Volumeo Fixed control volumeo Moving control volumeo Deforming control volume- Angular Velocityo The angular distance traveled per unit time- Angular Accelerationo The rate of change of angular velocity- Torqueo The strength of the rotating effect and is proportional to the magnitude of the force and its distance from the axis of rotation- Angular Momentumo The moment of momentum- Moment of Inertiao Measure of the inertia of a body- Pressure Measuremento Bourden gaugeo Pressure transducero Piezometric tube- Velocity Measuremento Trackingo Laser dopler velocimetryo Hot wire anemometryo Pitot tubeChapter 3- Fluid Friction in Pipeso Oil industryo Ethane productiono Waste treatmento Pharmaceuticalo Viscous action causes friction and a dissipation of useful work into heato Pump overcomes friction- Nomenclatureo Circular cross section are pipeso Noncircular cross section are ductso Small diameter pipes are tubes- Flowo Laminar – smooth streamlines and highly ordered motiono Turbulent – velocity fluctuations and highly disordered motiono Reynold’s number – the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in the fluido Re≤2000 – laminar flowo 2000≤Re≤4000 – transitional flowo Re≥4000 – turbulent flow- Eddy Viscosityo Due to the substantially augmented random motion for turbulent