BIOL 252 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I Pituitary II Pineal Gland III Thyroid Gland IV Parathyroid glands V Pancreatic Islets Outline of Current Lecture I Liver II Adrenal Glands III Lymphatic System IV Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph V Lymphatic tissues Current Lecture I Liver a IGF 1 growth hormone somatotropin b Hypothalamus releases 2 hormones i GHRH high protein meals hypoglycemia sleep exercise ii GHIH high carbohydrate meals c GH IGF 1 somatomedin growth of cartilage bone muscle d Tropic effect i Growth hormone is short lived in the body ii Has a long term hormone that it turns on from the liver 1 IGF 1 insulin like growth factor e Growth hormone i Specific effects of GH and IGF 1 Proteins Fats Carbs f Increase production decrease degradation Mobilized from adipocytes preferentially used for energy Largely unused glucose sparing effect except for brain kidney liver RBCs ii GHRH GH and IGF 1 growth of cartilage bone muscle Disorders i Gigantism GH hypersecretion during childhood or adolescence These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II ii Acromegaly post adolescent hypersecretion thickening of bones and sof tissues iii Pituitary dwarfism GH hyposecretion rare since GH supplementation became available Adrenal Glands a Acts as post ganglionic neuron as part of sympathetic nervous system b Stimulus comes from preganglionic neurons of SNS c Neural stimulation catecholamines E and NE sympathetic effects others i Other effects include 1 Mobilize fuels lactate fatty acids glucose 2 Glucose is produced in liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis 3 Inhibit insulin secretion glucose sparing effect 4 Make glucose and breakdown glycogen to glucose but inhibit insulin a Provide immediate energy to brain increase in blood glucose d Adrenal cortex i Secretes 3 groups of steroid hormones corticosteroids from three layers of glandular tissue ii Zona glomerulosa 1 Secretes mineralocorticoids regulate body s electrolyte balance 2 Primary hormone aldosterone a Low Na or high K aldosterone pulls sodium back from kidney and decrease K iii Zona fasciculate 1 Secrete glucocorticoids regulate metabolism of glucose and other fuels 2 Primary hormone cortisol a Physical or mental stress CRH ACTH cortisol increase fat and protein breakdown increase gluconeogenesis 3 What happens when we are stressed a Glucose is used quickly b Use fats for metabolism c Breakdown proteins d Make new glucose from these sources i Why For the brain 4 Poll everywhere a Under which conditions would you NOT have glucose sparing utilization of non glucose fuels i Physical mental stress 1 Not a lot of glucose not using it widely throughout the body ii Diet high qualify foods exercise sleeping well 1 Leads to releasing hormone GHRH 2 When we have GHRH glucose sparing iii High CRH levels causing release of ACTH 1 Because there is cortisol production iv High GHIH levels 1 Would lead to less growth hormone 2 High carbs glucose in abundance so we will use it Hormone GH Epinephrine Cortisol III Effect on glucose utilization Decrease glucose usage Decrease glucose usage to most cells instead use fats make glucose available to nervous system Decrease glucose usage Rationale Other fuel abundant Fight flight Glucose is scarce spare for nervous system 5 Cushing syndrome a Hypersecretion of cortisol i Symptoms hyperglycemia hypertension edema abnormal fat deposition muscle and bone loos due to protein catabolism iv Zona reticularis 1 Secretes sex hormones 2 Primary hormone DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone a Responsible for testosterone effects in body if female b Not itself a hormone but is precursor to testosterone 3 Extremely high levels a AGS adrenogenital syndrome i Adrenal androgen hypersecretion ii Masculinizing effects are life stage dependent iii Newborn girls exhibit masculinized genitalia iv Earl onset of puberty v Women experience increased body hair beard deepening of voice e Stress Physiology i Stress ex surgery injury infection depression ii General adaptation syndrome GAS aka the stress response 1 Alarm Reaction NE and E preparing body for fight or flight 2 Resistance Stage ACTH released alternative fuels mobilized 3 Exhaustion Stage proteins alone available death imminent Lymphatic System IV V a Lymphatic capillaries collecting vessels lymphatic trunks collecting ducts b Ducts dump into veins circulatory system c Functions i Fluid recovery 1 Fluid comes from tissues interstitial fluid ii Lipid absorption 1 Lipids go through lymphatic system iii Immunity 1 Lymph nodes and other organs use lymph to screen body for pathogens Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph a Purpose of capillary exchange what moves in out Oxygen CO2 nutrients waste b Water leaks out of capillaries c Because lymphatic system is nearby can return lost fluid system to venous system by the heart Lymphatic tissues a Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue MALT is common beneath the mucosa of the digestive respiratory reproductive urinary systems b Mucosa lining of digestive tract