SOC-S320 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 10Note: Exam will be a combination of 25 multiple choice, 4 short answer questions. If you can familiarize yourself with each of the concepts listed below, and answer the questions associated with each section, you should be well prepared for this exam. Lecture 1 (August 28)Defining Deviance- Durkheim’s Statistical Approacho What did Durkheim say about deviance’s role in society? Deviance: Exceptional forms of behavior encountered in only minority cases, morbid phenomena that deviate from healthiness.  Deviance is inevitable, normal and necessary in society. No mention of morality.  He comes to a paradoxical conclusion – deviance is a factor in public health, and integrative element of a healthy society. - Erikson’s Moral Boundary Approach o Defined deviance as: norm-violating conduct, which is generally thought to require the attention of social control agencies. o Norms: the accumulation of decisions made by the community over long periods of time. Gradually gather enough moral influence to serve as a precedent for future decisions. o Boundaries: controls, which limit the possible behaviors of individuals to maintain the constancy and stability of the larger environment. o Community screen: Subjective lens through which the community views behavior- Becker’s Social Reaction/Labeling Approacho Why was Becker critical of past approaches/assumptions? He was critical of the statistical approach because it ignores issues of values and morals. It overlooks the judgment process and is too far removed from the concern with rule breaking.  He was critical of the functional approach because it ignores power and conflict in the construction of deviance. - Who decides the purpose of a group? Who determines how an issue is resolved? – can literally create deviance i.e. Rehab or Prison? He was critical of the moral boundary approach because it ignores issues of values. It assumes consensus on too many issues. There is noconsideration for the individual – society is treated too much as one whole entity. o Variations in Reaction Whether an act is deviant depends on how other people react to it, who commits the act, when it is committed, where it is committed.- Celebrities drinking and driving vs. common civilian drinking and driving (rehab vs. prison)Lecture 2 - 3 (September 2-4) Social Pathology, Degeneracy, and Medicalization- Social Pathology: Illness that endangers society and is blamed on forces that are out of the control of the person. - Degeneracy: Deviance as an illness that endangers society, blamed on defective individuals who are biologically inferior. - Medicalization: The process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical conditions, and thus become the subject of medical study, diagnosis, prevention, or treatment. - Traditional vs. Emergent Factors of Medicalizationo Traditional Power and authority of medical profession (childbirth) Social movements and interest groups (alcoholism/PTSD) Organizational or intra-professional activities (pediatrics)o Emergent Biotechnology, biomedical enhancements Pharmaceuticals – being able to directly market to the consumer.  Health care becoming commoditizes and subject to market forces  Insurance – whatever the insurance companies define as a medical vs. cosmetic issue - Mental Illness and Labelingo Mental illness labels based on the reaction of otherso Is it a form of deviance or the cause of deviant behavior o Lack of communication between minority and majority groups, could be a linguistic or cultural barrier - DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- Epigenetics: The study of how stressful social environments can change or trigger certaingenes to be activated and expressed differently than if you were exposed to different social circumstances- If the threads are wound tightly, the gene is off, if they are wound loosely then they are activated. - Are we over diagnosing?Lecture 4 (September 9) Moral Panics and Drug Scares- Moral Panic: a condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interest. - Folk Devils: Individuals or groups symbolized as visible reminders of what we should not be. - What did Cohen mean when he argued social control can lead to deviance? What would be some example?o Cohen explains that social control can lead to deviance when something that seems very commonplace suddenly becomes illegal through means of social control. It does not just disappear because it is suddenly now illegal; it just goes underground and therefore technically deviant. o Examples Alcohol, prohibition of alcohol Medicalization vs. Legalization vs. Decriminalization of Marijuana- Media and Media Exaggeration (skip the “5 Models of Media” material)o Media has always been and will probably always be a source of exaggeration and misinformation o Key Point: Objective molehills are turned in to subjective mountains. Everything is being blown out of proportion. - Drug Scares 7 Ingredients to drug scare1. Kernel of Truth – across all places, times and cultures drug use and mind altering substances have been used2. Media Magnification – the media rhetorically crafts worst-case scenarios and turns scarce cases, in to an epidemic. Sensationalization. 3. Politico-Moral Entrepreneurs – The work of those who create a rule against what they believe is a social evila. Patrick Kennedy, Colbert Report Clip. Young popular democrat against marijuana,marijuana being turned in to big business in order to turn a profit. Medicalizing it.4. Professional Interest Groups – Various groups contend for ownership of an issue or the ability to define and decide what to do about it. 5. Historical Context of Conflict – Something going on in the background. Society has problems and they want answers6. Linking forms of Drug use to dangerous class – substances are linked to a group of users perceived by the powerful as dangerous. 7. Scapegoating a drug for a wide array of public problems – blaming a drug or its effect on a group of pre existing social illsLecture 5 (September 16)Stigma and Carnival- Stigma: Any attribute that is deeply discrediting. The stigmatized individual is reduced in our minds from a whole person to a tainted, “less than” version of a human. o Reduces life chances  Pestilence fallacy: