JOURN 2100 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Grammar Lectures 1 3 Grammar Lecture 1 September 10 Parts of a sentence sentences and commas What goes into a sentence What is a complete sentence What is in an incorrect sentence When do we use commas 1 Parts of a sentence a b c d e f Subject who does the verb To find this out ask who or what i Simple subjects Just the noun who is doing the verb ii Complete subjects the subject plus everything in front of it Predicate Verb the action what is being done in the sentence i Simple predicates Just the verb ii Complete predicates the verb and everything in the sentence after it iii Predicate nominatives PN Noun that comes after a linking or a to be verb iv Predicate adjectives PA Adjectives that come after a linking or a to be verb Direct object Who what receives the action Indirect Object Person thing for which the action is done Object of the Preposition Noun pronoun that comes after preposition Ask what or whom to find this Preposition Links noun pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence i Ex On beneath against beside over during 2 Sentences a What is in a complete sentence i Subject ii Verb iii Expresses a complete thought b Independent clause Complete thought Can stand alone c Dependent clause has a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought i Often start with although as because if since until whether or while d Errors i Fragments 1 Don t have a subject 2 Don t have a verb 3 Don t express a complete thought ii Run ons 1 May be grammatically correct but doesn t make sense because of too many unimportant details or extra clauses iii Comma splice 1 Two independent clauses separated by a commas 3 Commas a Place after a dependent clause only if it comes at the beginning of a sentence b If a dependent clause is at the end of a sentence there is no comma c a compound sentence with independent clauses place the comma before the conjunction 1 Conjunctions are words like if and or but d around clauses with nonessential info 1 Which usually signals a nonessential clause 2 That usually signals an essential clause e After an interjection that is the first word of a sentence f Between adjectives if they can be reversed and you can put the word and between them Grammar Lecture 2 September 17 What are parts of speech What is the difference between adjectives and adverbs When do we use whom vs who I Parts of speech 1 Noun Person place or thing 2 Pronoun Takes the place of a noun i Use who as a pronoun when replacing a person ii Use that as a pronoun when replacing an object 3 Adjective Modifies a noun or pronoun i Predicate adjective Comes after the verb ii Ask what kind or how many iii Articles are adj Ex A an the 4 Adverb Modifies a verb adjective or adverb i Ask how when where ii Often answers to what degree 5 Verb Shows an action state of being 6 Preposition Connects a noun or pronoun to the rest of the sentence i Ex About in at of by on down up for with to ii They can be more than one word Ex According to 7 Conjunction Connect words or groups of word i Coordinating conjunctions Connects equal items ii F for A and N nor B but O or Y yet S so iii Subordinating conjunctions Connect two clauses of unequal rank Ex Although because before iv Correlative conjunctions Used in pairs Ex as as Both and Either or 8 Interjection Show emotion excitement i Use a comma if feeling isn t as strong Use exclamation point for strong feelings II Adjectives and adverbs a Comparative adjectives Comparing the two things being modified i Add er to the short adjectives ii Add more to longer adjectives b Superlative adjectives Comparing three or more things being modified i Add est to short adjectives ii Add most to longer adjectives c Exceptions i Good better bad worse comparative ii Best worst Superlative d Adverbs i Usually end with ly ii When they modify verbs they answer questions like when where how iii Comparative adverbs add more or less iv Superlative adverbs add most or least e Good vs Well i Good is an adjective ii Well is usually an adverb except when describing someone s health III Nouns and pronouns a Must agree with i Person 1st 2nd or 3rd person ii Number Watch out for collective nouns If you are talking about a group like a band or a company make sure parts of the sentence agree with eachother iii Gender iv Case 1 Subjective nominative Subject of sentence 2 Possessive Show ownership 3 Objective Indirect object direct object object of the infinitive or object of the preposition b Reflexive pronoun i Ends in self selves ii Only used when you ve already used the pronoun noun you are referring to IV Who vs Whom a Who Subjects of the sentence clause b Whom Objects Indirect direct or of the preposition c Trick Rearrange the sentence If you can replace it with him or them use whom If you can replace it with he or they use who d Whoever acts e Whomever is acted upon Grammar Lecture 3 September 24 What is the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs When do we use each verb form What is the subjunctive mood What is voice I Transitive intransitive and linking verbs II III IV V a Transitive verbs Calls for a direct object b Intransitive verb Doesn t require a direct object c Some can be both depending how they are used i Ex She smells She smells the dog d Linking verbs Type of intransitive verb i Forms of to be ii Have to do with the five senses iii Others Act become grow remain seem stay turn iv Followed by noun pronoun or adjective v Pronouns do not follow link verbs Adverbs vs adjectives a Good and bad adj b Well and badly adv i Should not be used after linking verbs Verb forms a To conjugate a verb means to change its form according to its i Person ii Number iii Tense iv Voice v Mood b Principal parts i First person singular present tense ii First person singular past tense iii Past participle usually ends in ed en t iv Present participle ends in ing v Depend on whether the verb is regular or irregular 1 If it is regular use d ed or t 2 Irregular verb has different form for past tense and past participle vi Two part process 1 Decide which one you need 2 Pick the right form of the verb Subjunctive mood a Used when speaker writer regards the statements not as a fact but rather as a supposition or as a condition contrary to fact or as a condition the speaker does not believe to be true b Used in …