JOURN 2100 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study Guide Grammar Lectures: 1 - 3Grammar Lecture 1 (September 10)Parts of a sentence, sentences, and commasWhat goes into a sentence? What is a complete sentence? What is in an incorrect sentence? When do we use commas?1. Parts of a sentencea. Subject= who does the verb. To find this out ask who or what?i. Simple subjects = Just the noun who is doing the verbii. Complete subjects= the subject plus everything in front of itb. Predicate= Verb, the action, what is being done in the sentencei. Simple predicates= Just the verbii. Complete predicates= the verb and everything in the sentence after itiii. Predicate nominatives (PN)= Noun that comes after a linking or a “to be” verbiv. Predicate adjectives (PA)= Adjectives that come after a linking or a “to be” verbc. Direct object= Who/what receives the actiond. Indirect Object= Person/thing for which the action is donee. Object of the Preposition= Noun/pronoun that comes after preposition. Ask what or whom to find this.f. Preposition= Links noun, pronouns, and phrases to other words in a sentencei. Ex: On, beneath, against, beside, over, during2. Sentencesa. What is in a complete sentence?i. Subjectii. Verbiii. Expresses a complete thoughtb. Independent clause=Complete thought. Can stand alonec. Dependent clause=has a subject and verb, but does not express a complete thought.i. Often start with although, as, because, if, since, until, whether, or whiled. Errorsi. Fragments1. Don’t have a subject2. Don’t have a verb3. Don’t express a complete thoughtii. Run-ons1. May be grammatically correct but doesn’t make sense because of too many unimportant details or extra clauses iii. Comma splice1. Two independent clauses separated by a commas3. Commasa. Place after a dependent clause only if it comes at the beginning of a sentenceb. If a dependent clause is at the end of a sentence there is no commac. a compound sentence with independent clauses place the comma before the conjunction 1. Conjunctions are words like if, and, or butd. around clauses with nonessential info1. “Which” usually signals a nonessential clause2. “That” usually signals an essential clausee. After an interjection that is the first word of a sentencef. Between adjectives if they can be reversed and you can put the word and between themGrammar Lecture 2 (September 17) What are parts of speech? What is the difference between adjectives and adverbs? When do we use whom vs. who?I. Parts of speech1. Noun= Person, place, or thing2. Pronoun= Takes the place of a nouni. Use who as a pronoun when replacing a personii. Use that as a pronoun when replacing an object3. Adjective= Modifies a noun or pronouni. Predicate adjective= Comes after the verbii. Ask what kind or how many?iii. Articles are adj. Ex: A, an, the4. Adverb= Modifies a verb, adjective, or adverbi. Ask how, when, whereii. Often answers to what degree5. Verb= Shows an action/state of being6. Preposition= Connects a noun or pronoun to the rest of the sentencei. Ex: About, in, at, of, by, on, down, up, for, with, toii. They can be more than one word. Ex: According to7. Conjunction= Connect words or groups of wordi. Coordinating conjunctions= Connects equal itemsii. F(for)A(and)N(nor)B(but)O(or)Y(yet)S(so)iii. Subordinating conjunctions= Connect two clauses of unequal rank. Ex: Although,because, before.iv. Correlative conjunctions= Used in pairs. Ex: as…as. Both….and. Either….or8. Interjection= Show emotion/excitementi. Use a comma if feeling isn’t as strong. Use exclamation point for strong feelings.II. Adjectives and adverbsa. Comparative adjectives= Comparing the two things being modifiedi. Add “er” to the short adjectivesii. Add “more to longer adjectivesb. Superlative adjectives= Comparing three or more things being modifiedi. Add “est” to short adjectivesii. Add most to longer adjectivesc. Exceptionsi. Good, better, bad, worse= comparativeii. Best, worst= Superlatived. Adverbsi. Usually end with “ly”ii. When they modify verbs they answer questions like when, where, howiii. Comparative adverbs add more or lessiv. Superlative adverbs add most or leaste. Good vs. Welli. Good is an adjectiveii. Well is usually an adverb except when describing someone’s healthIII. Nouns and pronounsa. Must agree withi. Person (1st, 2nd, or 3rd person?)ii. Number (Watch out for collective nouns. If you are talking about a group like a band or a company make sure parts of the sentence agree with eachother)iii. Genderiv. Case1. Subjective/nominative= Subject of sentence2. Possessive= Show ownership3. Objective= Indirect object, direct object, object of the infinitive or object of the preposition.b. Reflexive pronouni. Ends in self/selvesii. Only used when you’ve already used the pronoun/noun you are referring toIV. Who vs. Whoma. Who= Subjects of the sentence/clauseb. Whom= Objects. Indirect, direct, or of the preposition.c. Trick: Rearrange the sentence. If you can replace it with him or them use whom. If you can replace it with he or they use who.d. Whoever actse. Whomever is acted upon Grammar Lecture 3 (September 24) What is the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs? When do we use each verb form? What is the subjunctive mood? What is voice?I. Transitive, intransitive, and linking verbsa. Transitive verbs= Calls for a direct objectb. Intransitive verb= Doesn’t require a direct objectc. Some can be both depending how they are usedi. Ex: She smells. She smells the dog.d. Linking verbs= Type of intransitive verbi. Forms of to beii. Have to do with the five sensesiii. Others= Act, become, grow, remain, seem, stay, turniv. Followed by noun, pronoun, or adjectivev. Pronouns do not follow link verbsII. Adverbs vs. adjectivesa. Good and bad= adj.b. Well and badly= adv.i. Should not be used after linking verbsIII. Verb formsa. To conjugate a verb means to change its form according to itsi. Personii. Numberiii. Tenseiv. Voicev. Moodb. Principal partsi. First person singular present tenseii. First person singular past tenseiii. Past participle usually ends in –ed, -en, -tiv. Present participle ends in –ingv. Depend on whether the verb is regular or irregular1. If it is regular use –d, -ed, or –t2. Irregular verb has different form for past tense and past participlevi. Two part process1. Decide which one you need2. Pick the right form of the verbIV. Subjunctive mooda. Used when