EXSS 181 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Intro to Sport Psych Sport and exercise psychology the scientific study of human behavior in sport and exercise and the practical application of that knowledge Sport psychologists do research teaching and or consulting 2 major objectives of sport and exercise psych research understand the effects of o 1 Psych factors on sport physical activity behavior and performance o 2 Participating in sport physical activity on psych development health and wellbeing REMEMBER Behavior is a function of both the person and his or her environment dynamic hard to make precise predictions have to understand person and context Ways of knowing o Common sense intuition or speculation good because it s easy and quick but bad because it s not based on data or experience o Practical Experience observation and case studies good because it s holistic immediate and innovative but bad because it doesn t explain phenomena and may be biased o Science empirical investigations experiments good because it s reliable objective and unbiased but bad because sometimes it s not practical slow to evolve and reductionistic doesn t see big picture Recall basic steps of Scientific Method Develop Problem Form Hypothesis Gather Data Analyze and Interpret Results 6 periods of Sport Psych o Early Years Norman Triplett and the biker social facilitation study at Indiana University o Griffith Era Coleman Griffith father of modern sport psych 1st research lab University of Illinois studied Red Grange worked with Notre Dame and Chicago Cubs o Prep for the Future field developed scientifically held first World Congress of Sport Psych o Est of Academic Branch sport psych developed as separate from kinesiology and EXSS o Multidisciplinary Research becomes more popular respected and specialized o Contemporary becomes more international 2 specialties of Sport and Exercise Psych Clinical Sport Psych focus on emotional disorders licensed can treat disorders and Educational Sport Psych not licensed like mental coach social facilitation theory When people perform simple tasks that they know well they perform better with an audience When people perform complex unfamiliar tasks the perform worse with an audience Theory set of interrelated facts that describe a phenomenon Study investigator observes environment without changing it Experiment investigator manipulates environment in order to observe it Personality Personality consistent pattern of characteristic thoughts feelings and behaviors that distinguishes one person from another and that persists over time and situations Hollander s Model of Personality pyramid with internal psychological core at the base typical response in the middle and role related behavior at the top as you go from bottom to top it progresses from internal to external and from constant to dynamic o Psychological core most basic level that is the real you o Typical responses how we usually respond to situations o Role related behavior most changeable aspect how we act based on how we perceive situation o Dynamic environment influences them more o Ex of role related behavior I may be sociable but I m not running around during class and talking to everyone 5 Approaches to Personality focus on 2 4 1 Psychodynamic Freud and unconscious not very empirically supported but people to practice it big pop culture influence focuses on inner thoughts 2 Trait implies that traits basically stable attributes of person are consistent and generalizable across contexts problem because doesn t account for the environment o uses Big 5 Theory which is continuum for these traits OCEAN Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism whether emotionally stable or not 3 Situational key is that personality is shaped by interactions with the environment o Behaviorism people learn behaviors based on rewards and punishments in situations o Social Learning Theory people learn behaviors from observational learning modeling 4 Interactional basically behavior is a function of person AND environment most widely used and accepted o state depends on situation t rait consistent across situations 5 Phenomenological Most abstract of 5 interested in person s understanding of their environment think about how they provide meaning to a situation Problems with using personality testing with sport exercise o Not sufficient enough evidence on own especially in team selection o Social desirability and psych skills can be learned o Doesn t account for non psych factors that affect sport performance o Use of tests that focus on abnormalities with an avg population is not effective CAN use to cater environment to better suit athlete participant Iceberg profile seen in successful elite athletes score low on all traits neuroticism fatigue depression confusion and anger except vigor Motivation Motivation the direction approach avoid or attraction and intensity how much effort persistence of effort Attribution Theory of Motivation o Says motivation is influenced by attrtibutions o Attribution interpretations or explanations individuals give for success or failure o Can get this info by asking indiv via surveys or interviews o Common attributions personal ability personal effort opponent s ability or effort luck referee decisions facility conditions weather Basic Attribution categories o Stable Unstable do you think the same reason you succeeded or failed this time would make you succeed or failed consistently o Stable greater expectation of same outcome happening again while unstable lower expectation o Internal External Locus of causality do you think the source of your attribution is inherent to you or was from another source o Internal greater pride for success and greater shame for failure while external lower pride for success and lower shame for failure o Controllable Uncontrollable Locus of control was your reason for success or failure something you could control o Controllable greater motivation while uncontrollable lower motivation Self serving bias making attributions that help you increase or maintain your self esteem and confidence o For success internal and stable may keep you from working your hardest and staying motivated to improve o For failure external and unstable may also keep you from working your hardest because you don t think you were the reason you failed Learned helplessness a psychological state where people have learned that failure is inevitable and out of their