MGMT 202 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I Key Definitions II Practical Guidelines A Golden Rule B Public Disclosure C Universal Test III Classic Schools of Thought A Egoism B Libertarianism C Utilitarianism Outline of Current Lecture I Universalism II Virtue Ethics III Feminist Ethics Current Lecture Universalism Immanuel Kant John Rawls Kant German never traveled farther than 50 miles from home Universalism duty based approach obligation to do the right thing Utilitarian cares about consequences behind an action universalist cares about motivation behind an action Universalists would say that the only actions you should take are ones that meet three principles of moral action 1 Principle of Universality Golden Rule do unto others as you would have them due to you don t have rules for yourself that you wouldn t expect all other people to follow as well 2 Principle of Ends humanistic shouldn t do anything that could discriminate exploit any human beings 3 Principle of Autonomy Versus Heteronomy humans should all be free rational thoughts exercise self determination heteronomy might be succumbing to internal urges or a victim of external coercion addicts to drinking smoking gambling etc these people aren t free Limitations of Universalism some people don t want to be autonomous they want to be told what to do what occurs if two or more duties conflict E g duty of telling the truth versus duty of protecting other human beings such as hiding Jewish children from Nazis who ask if you re hiding anyone Or more lighthearted being loyal versus telling the truth i e you don t like your grandma s cooking but pretend to like it to make her happy Utilitarianism telelology or results based do that which leads to the best consequences the ends of an action justify the means greatest good for the greatest number Universalism deontology or duty based interest in the motivation of a particular behavior the means justify the ends of an action ethical behavior simply results from doing one s duty Virtue ethics Aristotle tutored Alexander the Great Virtue ethics want to know if a person has character virtues had to be habitual and good for human living honesty is a virtue Aristotle said the best virtues were in the intermediate middle space courage is in between arrogant and cowardly generosity is between stingy and extravagant Limitations of Virtue Ethics these ideas are uniquely western not universal cultures across the world would present different sets of virtues doesn t allow for mistakes exceptions or changing requires perfection not just a usual habit but an always habit Feminist Ethics Carol Gilligan wrongly associated with issues such as abortion sexual harassment etc main principles are equality and equal opportunity Equality do pregnant women get more sick days at work Equal opportunity does a woman lose opportunities when she returns to work after having a child Do people treat her differently and have lower expectations Gilligan thoughts humans were subjective emotional and Limitations of Feminist Ethics people think it s a social theory don t realize it s about equality and equal opportunity rather than abortion etc critical of male biased theories when it is a female biased theory itself hypocritical
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