BIOL 3442 1nd Editiona. Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7II. Animal Physiology Exam #1III. Homeostasisa. Stability, balance, equilibrium b. Regulation i. Receptor receives info integration ii. Control center receives & processes info from receptoriii. Effectors respond to command from control center by increasing or decreasing stimulic. Feedback systems i. Positive FB 1. System response to amplify the change in the variable 2. Destabilizing effect so does not result in homeostasis 3. Usually a desirable end result ii. Negative FB 1. Responds to reverse direction of charge 2. Antagonistic control3. Usually to bring body back to homeostasis – optimal iii. Reset system 1. Negative FB system in which a set point is adjusted 2. Can be temporary, permanently or cyclic 3. Examples: a. Temporary – feverb. Permanently – sexual maturity c. Cyclic – annual hibernation iv. Levels of homeostasis 1. Cellular – cells control own ion concentration, volume & internal energy 2. Intrinsic (tissues & organs) – self serving for the particular ogan 3. Extrinsic (external to the organ) – can override cellular & intrinsic 4. Coordinated by NS & endocrine system & sometimes immune system 5. Control serve organism as a whole v. Animals either 1. Control homeostasis strictly 2. Others avoid disturbances behaviorally3. Or are conformers and do not adjust to change in environmental conditionsvi. Physiological mechanisms often depend on body sized. Krogh Principle i. For a loarge number of problems there will be some similar of choice or a few such animals on which it can be most conveniently studiede. Homeostasis systems i. Master systems 1. Nervous system2. Endocrine system ii. Integumentary iii. Muscleiv. Cardiovascularv. Respiratoryvi. Digestive vii. Urinaryviii. Reproductive IV. Universal life components a. Water – needed for lifeb. Carbohydrates – chitinc. Lipids – cell membrane d. Amino acids & proteins – polypeptides & enzymese. Nucleotides – subunit of nucleic acids – RNA & DNAV. Structure of Eukaryotic cells a. Nucleus – cells control centeri. Nuclear DNAii. Site of transcription b. Ribosomes & Endoplasmic Reticulumi. Cells protein factory ii. Ribosomes – build proteins iii. ER rough – have ribosomes iv. ER smooth – no ribosomesc. Golgi Complex i. Cells processing center ii. Modifies proteins iii. Sorts & packages iv. Marks for deliveryd. Lysosomes i. Cells digestive systemii. Hydrolytic enzymesiii. Brakes down organic moleculese. Peroxisomesi. Oxidixe toxinsii. Remove intracellular O2iii. Break down fatty acidsf. Mitochondria i. Power station ii. Dual membrane iii. Derived from prokaryote iv. Site of krebs cycle (energy production)g. Cell respiration i. Energy production ii. Glycolysis iii. Krebs cycle h. Cytosol i. Fluid surrounding organelles ii. Site of glycolysisiii. Site of ribosomal protein synthesis iv. Site for fat &glycogen storagei. Extracellular matrixi. Outside of cell ii. Holds cells & tissues togetherVI. Cell Junctionsa. Desmosomesi. Hold cells togetherii. Tissues that meet a lot of abrasion (skin & epidermis)iii. Little communication between cellsiv. Small space between cell junctionsb. Tight junctionsi. Tight; small molecules cant get throughii. Stomach lining; places that you wouldn’t want materials passing like stomach acids c. Gap Junctions i. Proteins that form channels that can open & close (connexons)ii. Can open for intracellular communication – chemical conductioniii. Closed nothing passes iv. Brain/heart tissues; were cells can talk w/o nerves being involvedVII. Membrane physiology a. Phospholipid bilayer i. hydrophobic insideii. hydrophilic outsideiii. prevents molecules from crossing membraneiv. O2, glycogen, CO2 & H2O may crossb. Proteins – transmembrane proteini. Channels – allow molecules to pass membrane c. Fluid mosaic model i. Phospholipid bilayerii. Embedded proteinsiii. Cholesteroliv. Carbohydratesd. Skeletal fence model i. Membrane proteins are constrained1. Tethered to membrane skeleton (dog leash)2. Limited by membrane skeleton (dog in fenced back yard)VIII. Diffusion a. Movement of solutes to area of high concentration to an area of low concentration b. Equilibrium occurs when all connected areas are similar in concentrationIX. Special cases of diffusion a. Conduction – charged particles moving from high to low concentration (-) to (+) or (+) to (-_X. Osmosis – diffusion by water moving from high to low concentration a. Creates best equilibrium b. With respect to solute waterXI. Osmotic concentrationa. Molarity – amount of mole of substance volume of solution b. Osmolality – measure of osmoles of solute particles per volume (liter) of solutionc. Some solutes disintegrate 1 mole doesn’t always equal 1 osmole XII. Osmotic concentration & tonicity a. Osmolality & tonicity are related but different conceptions b. Both can compare the solute concentrations of 2 solutions separated by a membrane c. Osmolality i. Doesn’t have to have membrane ii. Takes in to account total concentration of all solutes (penetrating & non-penetrating )iii. Property of a solution & is independent of membrane d. Tonicity i. Take into account total concentration of any non-penetrating solutes ii. Property of solute with respect to e. Hyperosmotic- comparing to something else; cell shrinksf. Hypoosmotic i. Solution ii. Less solutes on outside compared to insideiii. Cell expandsg. Isosmotic i. Same # of solutes on both sidesii. No net movement of water same # of solutes on both sidesiii. Take into account is barrier is permeable to solutesXIII. Membrane channel – allows movement of particles through membrane (ions, water, other solutes)a. Passive transport – diffusion through bilayer & facilitated by concentration gradient b. Active transport – moving against concentration gradient requires ATP XIV. Membrane Potential a. Ion concentration gradient b. Ligands – intercellular chemical massagers (biology)i. Must bind to receptors on target cells ii. 6 main types (note ranges)c. Paracrines – short ranged simple diffusion d. Neurotransmitters – short ranged released by neurons in response to an electrical signal e. Hormones – long ranged via circulatory system; secreted by endocrine glandsf. Nuerohormones – long ranged via circulatory system; secreted by neuro secretory neuronsg. Pheromones – released into the environment by glands; other animals are the targetsh. Cytokines – regulatory peptides generally