Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Classification of chemicals in living systems Organic Containing carbon and hydrogen Inorganic All other chemicals Water The universal solvent Is polar and contain hydrogen bonds Potassium K and Phosphate PO 3 Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Categories of Organic molecules Monomers Building block Polymers Chains of monomers Macromolecules Largest polymers Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Basic categories of organic molecules Carbohydrates CH2O n most abundant Made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen Simple sugars or monosaccharides Di saccharides and polysaccharides Lipids most diverse Made of carbon and hydrogen Are hydrophobic e g are triglycerides phospholipids and cholesterol Amino acids and proteins most versatile Made of carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Basic categories of organic molecules cont d Nucleotides and nucleic acids Made of carbon nitrogen oxygen hydrogen and phosphate Nucleotides have three components A sugar Phosphate A base Adenine A Guanine G Cytosine C Thymine T and Uridine U Can form two types of polymers Ribonucleic acid or RNA made of A G C and U Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA made of A G C and T Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Fig 2 2 A Cell s Structure Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cells come in different shapes sizes Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Flow of Genetic Info from DNA The Nucleus Contains the material for genetic instructions and inheritance DNA packed with histones to form chromosomes Cell s control center Governs cell s activities Transcription copy Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles Ribosomes Non membranous granules of RNA that manufacture proteins Found in two locations Unattached free dispersed throughout the cytosol Bound attached on membranes or endoplasmic reticulum Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum Elaborate fluid filled membranous system in cytosol Primary protein manufacturer Two distinct types Smooth ER Meshwork of tiny interconnected tubes Rough ER Stacks of relatively flattened sacs Amounts of RER and SER vary between cells Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated with ribosomes Synthesizes and releases a variety of new proteins Proteins may be used by the cell or be exported outside the cell Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Lacks ribosomes Packages and discharges molecules received from RER Forms transport vesicles Lipid manufacture In liver to aid in detoxification In muscle to store calcium sarcoplasmic reticulum Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles Golgi Complex Sets of flattened slightly curved membrane enclosed sacs cisternae Share a common lumen Receives transport vesicles from SER Packages proteins into vesicles Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles Overview of protein synthesis and secretion RER makes proteins SER packages into transport vesicles and moves to Golgi Transport vesicles fuse and empty into Golgi comples Golgi complex modify sorts and directs finished products to form secretory vesicles Secretory vesicles bud off into cytosol Secretory vesicles may fuse with plasma membrane open and Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles As vesicles form from Golgi recognition markers are inserted into the membrane Cytosolic proteins attach to markers on the vesicle membrane The membrane closes and pinches off Vesicle looses its coating to expose vSNARE docking markers v SNAREs bind in lock and key fashion onwith the t SNARE docking marker acceptors of plasma membrane Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles Lysosomes Membrane enclosed sacs with powerful hydrolytic enzymes Storage vesicles Intracellular digestive system Contain strong enzymes that break down biomolecules They take up and destroy bacteria damaged organelles and support material Act at very low pH Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles Proteasomes Other intracelular digestive apparatus Tunnel like structure made of proteins Cleaves proteins into reusable amino acids Destroy proteins that are no longer needed or that are made because of errors or genetic mutation Proteins destined for destruction are tagged with ubiquitin a tiny protein Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles Peroxisomes Membrane enclosed sacs containing enzymes Smaller than lysosomes Contain oxidative enzymes Neutralize toxins Produce hydrogen peroside then converts it to water and oxygen Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Rod or oval shaped Enclosed in a double membrane Smooth outer membrane Folded inner membrane cristae Inner space matrix contains enzymes ribosomes granules and strands of DNA Intermembrane space for ATP production Contain their own DNA and can replicate Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles The Mitochondrion Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles Vaults Non membranous structures 3 times as large as ribosomes Hollow interiors May transport proteins from nucleus to cystolic sites ribosomes and RER A lot is still not known about vaults Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles Cytosol Semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm containing the organelles Cytoskeleton dispersed through cytosol to give cell its shape Associated with 4 types of activities Enzymatic regulation of intermediary metabolism Ribosomal protein synthesis Storage of fat and carbohydrate Temporary storage of vesicles Principles of Animal Physiology Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cellular Organelles Cyoskeleton Complex protein