Principles of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪Components of circulatory systemsIntroductionComponents of circulatory systems☻ Fluid - contains transport molecules and cells (blood or hemolymph)(yp)☻ Pump - to move the fluid around☻Conduits (vessels) -to carry the fluid between Conduits (vessels) to carry the fluid between pump and body tissuesPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪Types of circulatory systemsIntroductionTypes of circulatory systemsPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪Open and Closed systemsIntroductionOpen and Closed systems☻ Open circulation♦Contains Hemolymph♦Contains Hemolymph♦ Hemolymph moves from vessels to extracellular spaces among tissues♦ Hemocoel - extracellular spaces containing hemolymph♦ Hemolymph may be moved by body movements, cilia or flagella or by heartsor flagella, or by heartsPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪Circulation in an open systemIntroductionCirculation in an open systemPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪Open and Closed systemsIntroductionOpen and Closed systems☻ Colsed circulation♦Contains Blood♦Contains Blood♦ Blood moves through vessels but not among tissues♦ Capillaries - exchange of materials occur♦ Blood moved about the body by the heart or by body movementsPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪Ciruclation in a closed systemIntroductionCiruclation in a closed systemPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪Two components to circulatory fluidsCirculatory FluidsTwo components to circulatory fluids☻ Plasma♦ Watery, containing dissolved and dispersed moleculesyg p☻ Cellular elements♦ In hemolymph– Hemocytes - various cell types– Responsible for immune functions, clotting, oxygen transport–BloodBlood– Erythrocytes - red blood cells for transporting oxygen– Leukocytes - white blood cells for immune responseTh b t f l t l tf l tti–Thrombocytes for platelets -for clottingPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪The HematocritCirculatory FluidsThe Hematocrit☻ Percent of packed cell volume in whole blood♦Human -45% in males; 42% in females♦Human 45% in males; 42% in females♦ White whale - 53% in females; 52% in males♦ Pekin duck - 45% at seal level; 56% at high altitude♦ Sriped bass - 39% at 5°C; 53% at 25°CPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪Plasma and Hematocrit volumesIntroductionPlasma and Hematocrit volumesPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪ Plasma in Circulatory FluidsCirculatory Fluidsy☻ Contains 90% or more water☻ A medium for carrying organic and inorganic yg g gsubstances☻ Plasma proteins - 6-8% of plasma weight -osmotic pressure and buffering☻ Most abundant electrolytes - Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, K+, and Ca++Ca++☻ Nutrients - glucose, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins☻Waste creatinine bilirubin urea☻Waste -creatinine, bilirubin, urea☻ Dissolved gases☻HormonesPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪ErythrocytesCirculatory FluidsErythrocytes☻ Transport oxygen☻Transport carbon dioxide☻Transport carbon dioxide☻ Oblong oval or biconcaved flattened discs☻Flexible☻Flexible☻ Contain no nucleus, orgennelles, or ribosomes☻Contain plasma and hemoglobin☻Contain plasma and hemoglobin☻ Does not use the oxygen that they carryLif 100 t 120 d☻Lifespan -100 to 120 daysPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪ErythrocytesCirculatory FluidsErythrocytesPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪Blood Cell Production (Hemopoiesis)Circulatory FluidsBlood Cell Production (Hemopoiesis)Principles of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪PumpsCirculatory PumpsPumps☻ Flagella♦Fluid moved by beating epithelial cells♦Fluid moved by beating epithelial cells☻ Extrinsic muscle or skeletal pumps♦Fluid moved by motion of skeletal muscles♦u d oved by ot o o s e eta usc es♦ May occur during locomotion☻ Peristaltic muscle pumpspp♦ Occurs during contraction of vessel muscle walls☻ Chamber muscle pumpspp♦ Hearts♦ Most have at least two chambersPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪Types of pumps in animalsCirculatory PumpsTypes of pumps in animalsPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪Two chambered heartCirculatory PumpsTwo chambered heartPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪Dual Pumps in Avian and Mammalian HeartsCirculatory PumpsDual Pumps in Avian and Mammalian Hearts☻ 4 chambers - 2 atria and 2 ventricles☻Atria receive and store blood☻Atria receive and store blood☻ Ventricles pump blood away from the heart☻Veins return blood to the heart☻Veins return blood to the heart☻ Arteries take blood away from the heart☻Septum is muscular tissue that separates the two ☻Septum is muscular tissue that separates the two sides of the heartPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪Dual PumpsCirculatory PumpsDual PumpsPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪ Atria - holding chambers▪ Ventricles - produce pressure to drive blood through system▪ Arteries - low-resistance, little pressure loss, pressure resevoirsresevoirs▪ Arterioles - high resistance, regulate blood pressure, distribute blood to various organsg▪ Capillaries - site for nutrient and waste product exchange▪ Venules - nutrient and waste product exchange, regulates capillary blood pressure▪ Veins - low resistance conduits, facilitates flow back to the heartheartPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪Heart Valves Ensure Unidirectional Blood FlowCirculatory PumpsHeart Valves Ensure Unidirectional Blood FlowPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪ The Mammalian HeartCirculatory PumpsPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪Blood flow through mammalian heartCirculatory PumpsBlood flow through mammalian heartPrinciples of Animal PhysiologyCirculatory SystemsCirculatory Systems▪The Mammalian VentriclesCirculatory PumpsThe Mammalian Ventricles☻