Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Research in Personality II. Psychological Mindedness Scale III. Where do Data Come from? Outline of Current Lecture I. Is Our Data Telling the Truth? [Continuation of Lecture 3] a. Reliability and Validity b. Reliability c. Validity i. Ty pes of Validit y 1. External Validity 2. Internal Validity 3. Criterion Validity 4. Structural Validity 5. Construct Validity ii. Example of Validity: Harry Potter 1. Division of Houses based on Personality Traits? II. Types o f Art i c les a. Empirical Research Articles b. Theory Articles III. Structure of Journal Articles a. Abstract - g. References !PSYC 4456 1st Edition !!!These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best !used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. !!!Current Lecture I. Is Our Data Telling the Truth? [Continuation of Lecture 3] a. Reliability and Validity i. Bow-N-Arrow/Target Metaphor b. Reliability i. Definition= findings that are obtained through research that can be duplicated and with consistent findings as the one before it are considered reliable findings 1. Under the same conditions 2. With the same factors 3. With the same results c. Validity i. Definition= takes a look at the entirety of an experiment and determines whether or not the findings meet research method requirements ii. Types of Validity 1. External = generalization 2. Internal = to what extent can we make causal conclusions about an experiment !! 3. Criterion= “standard of comparison”, “standard of industry” a. Prediction of personality i. Example: SAT/ACT Exam—> exams that utilize mathematical/scientific/literature/ critical thinking based questions in order to asses an individuals ability; “determines” what university/college an individual is best suited for b. True Value i. Trying to predict a true value ii. Example: As an employer I give a possible employee a survey regarding employee- employer policy with one of the questions being: Are you going to steal from me in future? - Prediction: You will not steal - Outcome/Result: You did not steal Therefore this was good/valid criterion because the prediction was accurate. 4. Structural= “Number of things” a. “Do we have enough things to measure?” i. “things”—> variables 5. Construct= “Conceptual accuracy” a. Cannot directly measure but it tends to correlate b. Convergent Validity —> answers are the same amongst things measuring the same thing i. Results are reliable [See definition of “Reliability”] c. Discriminant Validity —> measures something that it correlates against! i. Does your measure NOT correlate with what is being measured? iii. Example of Validity: Harry Potter a. Division of Houses by Personality Traits 1. Ravenclaw= wit, clever, eager to learn 2. Gryffindor= brave, daring, chivalrous 3. Hufflepuff= just, loyal, patient, true 4. Slytherian= cunning, power-hungry b. Sorting Hat and Division of Houses * Sorting Hat Evaluates each Wizard with Validity: 1. Criterion= What type of person do they end up being? - i.e.: Peter Pettigrew misplaced into Gryffindor? *Sorting Hat= WRONG; Pettigrew was evil, cunning [murder] 2. Structural= Only 4 Types of Wizards? i. NO!—> Fred and George Weasley - Although Fred and George are evaluated and sorted into Gryffindor they both have personality traits that others in the same house do not: Hermione is Gryffindor however is much more reserved and introverted than both Fred and George 3. Construct= Traits determine House placement *Depending solely on personality traits this determines which house a wizard or witch will be placed in! ii. Examples: a. Bravery, Chivalry = Gryffindor b. Loyalty, Hard-Working = Hufflepuff c. Wit, Learning, Clever = Ravenclaw d. Cunning, Power, Purity = Slytherin II. Types of Articles a. Empirical Research Articles = multiple studies and brief reports 1. Questions about Empirical Journal Articles? i. What is the major research question? Why did the researchers bother? ii. How many studies did they conduct? iii. What was the purpose of the first study? What did they do? iv. What were the findings of the first study? v. What were the overall conclusions? vi. What are the drawbacks and remaining questions? What do we still not know? What is wrong with this study? b. Theory Articles = review articles and meta-analyses III. Structure of a Journal Article a. Abstract = summary of whole article b. Introduction = why did they do research? c. Methodology = how did they do research? d. Results = what happened? e. Discussion = what do the results mean? f. Conclusion= what did they learn? g. References = whose research did they build on?! !