Abnormal Psychology; August 25th – September 17thMedical Student’s Disease- During medical school, students believe they have many diseases due to the common symptoms they are exhibiting / have recently learned about- Because many of the individual symptoms we learn about will be common- Syndromes are defined by clustering, severity, and duration; not by individual symptomsModels of Abnormality-Disease-Deviation- Statistical Deviation (Based on numbers)- Social Deviation- Issues with deviation; situation “generalization”, comorbidity (Can’t focus on one disease; Isolate; Two diseases at once), social deviations (Judgment on being average), relativism (Somecultures values traits that others do not; Judgment from culture)-Maladaptive- Unable to function in the world; interfere with life- Catches too much stuff that is not a disorder “excessive”-Ex: smoking is maladaptive but not a disease / disorderHistorical Approaches to Abnormal Psychology- Demonology (Abnormal behaviors are caused by spirits or demons); Usually “treated” by exorcism / sacrifice, holy water, bleeding / cutting skull, waterboarding- No evidence shows demonology as a successful treatment or legitimate science- Every culture at one point thought abnormal behavior was caused by random acts by demons-Punishment from the Gods- Person suffering, relative, or town member has offended the Gods. The abnormal behavior is not random, but a punishment from doing wrong (From a higher being)**The way one thinks about a problem changes the way they treat the problem****Ideology on cause leads to different treatments**-Fate (Cosmic forces) “Things happen”; there is nothing you can do about it- These cultures did not develop medicine or interventions to fix the problems since they believed it was fate (Ignoring those with abnormal behaviors)- Somatogenesis (Created by Hippocrates); Abnormal behavior arises from natural processes in the body (Return to demonology and then the asylum)- The four body fluids determined your problems (Too much flem, not enough vile you developa certain disorder)- Most wrong theory that might have been proposed in science - Wrong theory directed attention to bodily processes; beginning to look at the natural world- The Asylum (Taking those who suffer from abnormal behavior and sending them away)- Dominate way of treating mental health problems (Up until the 1980’s)Modern Approaches to Abnormal Psychology-Biological / Medical Model- General Paresis (Mental disorder; 50-70 years old change from normal personality to “strange”; Progressively worse) as an early example- General Paresis was actually Tertiary Syphilis- Successes and excesses- Overriding common sense and ethics because of biological and medical model- Has caused the most damage to patientsPsychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Model- Id (Instinctive) born with; must develop the other two- Pleasure principle- Primary Process-Ego- Reality Principle-Superego-Stages of Psychosexual Development- Oral- Anal- Phallic -Oedipal / Electra conflict (Link to superego)- Latency- Genital-Defense Mechanisms- Repression- Projection- Displacement- Rationalization- Reaction Formation- Regression- Not Necessarily bad!Contributions of Psychoanalytic Theory- Naturalistic- Opens mental health to science-Direct translation to therapy- Free Association- Dream Analysis- Analysis of Defenses- Insight-From Warehousing to the search for solutions-Problems: Little interest in research- Applies to other dynamic/energy theories to- Difficult to testLearning Theory Models of Abnormal Behavior- Behavioral- Classical Conditioning (Pavlov’s dogs)- Neutral stimulus to have biological means- Watson after Pavlov (Little Albert; Associating fear educing sound with white rat)- Instrumental Conditioning (Operant conditioning; BF Skinner)- Learning through consequences (Rat learning to press bar for food)- Shaping the rat; Rewarding for being near wall, bar, or in proximity. Speeds up processin which rat touches the bar-Social Learning- Observation/Modeling- Social Interactions-Cognitive- Thinking and interpreting events and how this influences humans-Contributions and Problems- Ones that are proven to work are always leaning theory- Cognitive ignores biological characteristics of humansClassification-A way to simplify-A way to communicate- Classify, categorize, diagnose- Tools for Classification/Diagnosis- Symptoms (Having a sore throat) and Signs (Seeing actual inflammation in throat)- Onset (Make distinction for disorders with overlapping symptoms)- Course (How a disorder behaves over time)- Acute (Clear onset, lasts short amount of time, then goes away)- Chronic (Gets worse over time and symptoms never go away)- Episodic- Outline- Etiology- Response to treatment-Evaluating a Diagnostic/Classification System- Reliability- Validity- GeneralityDSM IV- Axis 1: Clinical disorders, most v-codes, and conditions that need clinical attention- Axis 2: Personality Disorders and Mental Relationships- Axis 3: General Medical Conditions- Axis 4: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems- Axis 5: Global Assessment of FunctioningDSM IV-Task force in 2007-Committees-Categorical vs. Dimensional-Revisions, revisions, revisions- Result? Exactly what you expect from dozens of committees making dozens of revisions- A political document rather than a scientific documentEvaluating DSM IV (not that good)-Reliability- Very modest- Not up to scientific standards-Validity (Usefulness; Understanding where the problem started)- Etiological- Concurrent- Predictive-GeneralityHow Important is the Problem?-How many people have the problem?- Point Prevalence (% of a population that has a disorder NOW at this point in time)- Lifetime Prevalence (% of a population that will have a disorder at some point in their lives)- Incidence (# of new cases expected to see in a year)- Example: Point Prevalence of colds at IU: 60 Lifetime Prevalence of having at cold: 100 Incidence in next year at IU: 95 *Most important disorders: Major Depression (20% of pop) and Schizophrenia (1% of pop)*- How much of the problem do they have? (Central tendency)- Mean (average)- Median (middle score)- Mode (most often)Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology-Case Study- Good for generating hypotheses- Good for disproving absolutes- Good for introducing new ideas- Bad at identifying causes- Bad at