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IUB PSY-P 324 - exam 2 study guide

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P324 Fall 14 Vlachos-Weber Study Guide: Exam 2 Weds, Oct. 8Anxiety and MMPIWhat to study for Exam 2 Lecture: EVERYTHING from lecture is fair game! Book: know the following material that appeared only in the textbookChapter 5: Anxiety Disorders: ♦ p. 126: the limbic system plays what role in anxiety (and what other brain structures are involved?) - The area of the brain most often associated with anxiety is the limbic system- which acts as a mediator between the brain stem and the cortex. The more primitive brain stem monitors and senses changes in bodily functions and relays these potential danger signals to higher cortical processes through the limbic system.♦ p. 126: what is the FFS? What activates it?Brain circuit in animals that when stimulated causes an immediate alarm and escape response resembling human panic.the FFS is activated partly by deficiencies in serotonin, suggest Gray and McNaughton (1996) and Graeff (1993).♦ p. 126: what is the relationship between cigarette smoking as a teenager and anxiety disorders in adulthood? What is the relationship between smoking and panic, and what is it attributed to?For example, one important study suggested that cigarette smoking as a teenager is associated with greatly increased risk for developing anxiety disorders as an adult, particularly panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (Johnson et al., 2000). Nearly 700 adolescents were followed into adulthood. Teens who smoked 20 or more cigarettes daily were 15 times more likely to develop panic disorder and 5 times more likely to develop generalized anxiety disorder than teens who smoked less or didn’t smoke. The complex interaction between smoking and panic disorder has been confirmed in more recent research (Feldner et al., 2009; Zvolensky & Bernstein, 2005). One possible explanation is that chronic exposure to nicotine, an addictive drug that increases somatic symptoms, as well as respiratory problems, triggers additional anxiety and panic, thereby increasing biological vulnerability to develop severe anxiety disorders.♦ p. 132: what is an autonomic restrictor, and what disorder is it found in?individuals with GAD show less responsiveness on most physiological measures, such as heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance, and respiration rate (, than do individuals with other anxiety disorders. Therefore, people with GAD have been called autonomic restrictors ♦ p. 132: individuals with GAD are highly sensitive to what?GAD are highly sensitive to threat in general, particularly to a threat that has personal relevance;This high sensitivity may have arisen in early stressful experiences where they learned that the world is dangerous and out of control, and they might not be able to cope (generalized psychological vulnerability). Furthermore, this acute awareness of potential threat, particularly if it is personal, seems to be entirely automatic or unconscious♦ p. 136: what is introceptive avoidance, and what anxiety disorder is it related to? interoceptive avoidance, or avoidance of internal physical sensations people with agoraphobia -might avoid exercise because it produces increased cardiovascular activity or faster respiration, which reminds them of panic attacks and makes them think one might be beginning. Other patients might avoid sauna baths or any rooms in which they might perspire. Psychopathologists are beginning to recognize that this cluster of avoidance behaviors is every bit as important as more classical agoraphobic avoidance♦ p. 136: how do (a large proportion of) men with unexpected panic attacks cope?A large proportion of males with unexpected panic attacks cope in a culturally acceptable way: They consume large amounts of alcohol. The problem is that they become dependent on alcohol, and many begin the long downward spiral into serious addiction. Thus, males may end up with aneven more severe problem. Because these men are so impaired by alcohol abuse, clinicians may not realize they also have panic disorder and agoraphobia♦ p. 138: what % of people with Panic Disorder experience nocturnal panic attacks? When in the sleep cycle does it occur, and what causes these attacks? How do these attacks differ from “sleep terrors” experienced by children?1) Approximately 60% of the people with panic disorder have experienced such nocturnal attacks2) We have learned that nocturnal panics occur during delta wave or slow wave sleep, which typically occurs several hours after we fall asleep and is the deepest stage of sleep3) people who experience night terrors---It is common for them to scream and get out of bed as if something were after them. However, they do not wake up and have no memory of the eventin the morning. In contrast, individuals experiencing nocturnal panic attacks do wake up and later remember the event clearly♦ p. 139: what % of the population has experienced a panic attack? Under what conditions? What % will go on to develop Panic Disorder? What is different about the individuals who do not develop anxiety?-Approximately 8% to 12% of the population has an occasional unexpected panic attack, often during a period of intense stress over the previous year - Most of these people do not develop anxiety (Telch et al., 1989). Only approximately 5% go on todevelop anxiety over future panic attacks and thereby meet the criteria for panic disorder, and these individuals are the ones who are susceptible to developing anxiety over the possibility of having another panic attack-What happens to those individuals who don’t develop anxiety? They seem to attribute the attack to events of the moment, such as an argument with a friend, something they ate, or a bad day, and go on with their lives, perhaps experiencing an occasional panic attack when they are under stress again♦ p. 140-142: what class of drugs is most widely used in treating panic? What % of individuals stay “panic free” as long as they are on effective drug treatment? What is the relapse rate when medication is stopped? What are the findings regarding combined treatment of drugs with CBT? How do drugs affect psychological treatment?1) A large number of drugs affecting the noradrenergic, serotonergic, or GABA–benzodiazepine neurotransmitter systems, or some combination, seem effective in treating panic disorder, including high-potency benzodiazepines, the newer selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as


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