UGC 112 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures 1 12 Conflagration WWI 1914 1918 Most major battles occurred on European soil BUT many Americans Africans and Asians soldiers were brought across oceans to joining in the killing efforts Impact was GLOBAL Freedom and self determination 1 Required resources from a large part of the world o Production and consumption on a mass scale o These became features of economic modernity o Helped to spread a mass culture with radio and film 2 Harsh terms of peace settlement o Unbalanced the global economy o Led directly to the Great Depression 3 Political turmoil surrounding the war inflamed disputes over HOW to manage mass societies and build a better world The three amazingly different visions that arose were Liberal Democratic Authoritarian Anticolonial All competed with each other In the 1920s being modern meant having mass production and mass consumption The three different types of visions liberal democratic did not let go of market economies or parliamentary democracy Included greater power for state regulatory bureaucracies Didn t seem promising after the great depression Authoritarianism soviet union Nazi Germany fascist Italy etc Anticolonial favored mixing western ideas with indigenous traditions The Great War It made clear how much the power of the state now depended on the support of the people Causes of the war were complicated Root of the cause rivalry between GREAT BRITAIN and GERMANY Central Powers Germany and Austria Hungary Allied Powers originally called the Triple Entente Britain with France and Russia Both sides were well armed and had an understanding that they were ready to attack at any moment In August 1914 this opportunity came when the heir to Hapsburg Empire was assassinated in Sarajevo capital of Austrian Bosnia Stalemate occurred at battle of the Marne in September 1914 Nearly 70 million men worldwide fought in the war 13 million served in the German army Tens of thousands of women due to mass mobilization served at or near the front as doctors nurses and techniciasns Took on previously male occupations as well Women also rioted at times because they were traumatized by loss and desperate to feed their children Results of the war 8 million deaths 20 million wounded introduction of the tank while trying to break stalemate After the antiwar demonstrations War destroyed entire empires Romanov Russia o February Revolution brought an end to the monarchy o Bolsheviks left wing Socialists who seized power in 1917 Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky led them o Claimed they were overtaking the February bourgeois revolution Germany victory was established and In 1917 US declared war on Germany o With US troops added to the fray balance of military power in Europe changed German troops began to surrender food shortages happened Central powers fell The Ottoman Empire also collapsed The Peace Settlement and the Impact of the War Five peace conferences were convened one for each of the Central Powers League of Nations was to be set up to negotiate further quarrels French inssited that Germany be assigned sole blame for the war and forced it to pay reparations Problems with self determination page 715 US and Russia were outside the League of Nations Britain France Japan and US wanted to keep Communist Red Russia isolated Demobilization his societies hard Working women laid off a lot But managed to gain voting rishd soon after Claimed new privileges Mass Society Culture Production and Consumption The war contributed to the making of MASS SOCIETIES Mobilized entire societies to produce and to fight Mass Culture mass communication and entertainment Distributed propaganda a lot Through public lectures theater shows musical compositions and censored newspapers Postwar mass culture was UNIQUE It reflected the tastes of the working and the middle classes These people now had more time and money to spend entertaining themselves It also relied on new technologies such as radio and film o Radio 1920s was its big time For the whole familywas a way to mobilize the masses especially in authoritarian regimes o Film and Advertising Nazi era films were comedies musicals etc o In market economies radio and film were big industries Through their advertising they promoted other industries as well Mass Production and Mass Consumption Sustaining military production men and women were working in factories and in the colonies Modern world was demanding greater volume lower cost faster speed and standardized output These are all key characteristics of MASS PRODUCTION Economic balance of power in the world was shuffled as well The US became an economic powerhouse US was regarded as a working vision of modernity Production and consumption were both booming The Automobile Assembly Line best example of the relationship of MP and MC in US was the motorcar Model T by Ford was within middle class reach Nearly 4 million jobs related directly or indirectly to the automobile After WWI automobile ownership became more common Model T came out in 1908 Mass consumption increased purchasing power in the middle classes Ford knew without this and the appetite for goods there could be NO mass production Demonstration that mass production worked Cars in 1920 Americans owned 8 million 1930 they owned 23 million The Great Depression Because of overproduction many producers faced sagging prices Black Tuesday October 24 the American Stock Market collapsed Led the world into the GD Its causes went back to the Great War which had left European nations in deep debt as they struggled to rebuild their economies and pay off war debts o Europeans borrowed heavily from the US Starting in central Europe financial institutions began to collapse o Wall Street crash of 1929 o Withering of world trade as a result Tariff barriers were raised against imports Millions of workers were laid off production cutback The combinations of shrinking markets and drastic shortages of credit forced industries and farms into bankruptcy Started rethinking the idea that markets should govern themselves core of laissez faire liberalism State intervention was critical John Meynard Keynes in 1936 published an important treatise Argued that sometimes the STATE has to do its job and increase the money supply and create jobs Many government were determining that capitalism had to be saved from itself Political liberalism was called into question Mass Politics Competing Visions for Building Modern States WWI