UGC 112 3rd Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Current Lecture I. The Mongol Legacy and the Rise of New Islamic DynastiesII. Three Islamic Empires1. The Rise of the Ottoman EmpireA. The Conquest of Constantinople in 1453B. Murad II and his successor Mehmed the ConquererC. The Tools of Empire BuildingD. Religious PrinciplesE. Istanbul and the Topkapi PalaceF. Diversity and ControlI. 2. The Safavid Empire in Iran3. The Mughal EmpireA. Comparison: The RomanovsB. The Declining Delhi SultanaC. Rivalries, Religious Revival, and the First Mughal EmperorIII. Major Questions to Ponder TodayCurrent LectureThe Mongol Legacy and the Rise of New Islamic DynastiesTwo catastrophes that paved the way for new Islamic states to emerge:1. The Black Death was devastating.2. Mongol destruction of Islam’s most important city and capital of the Abbasid Empire, Baghdad, eliminated Islam’s old political order. Ottoman, Safavid, and the Mughal dynasties became powerful enough to become empires themselves. The Mongols had two tactics involved in their ruling:1. Parading around with heads of oppositionists on pikes.2. Borrowing skills from across the empire and promoting the exchange of technology and knowledge.Black Death had overtaken Egypt, Syria, and Cyprus by 1348. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.In the eastern Mediterranean, the plague left much of the Islamic world in a state of near political and economic collapse. The Ottomans in Anatolia and the Safavids in western Persia operated to rebuild state institutions. Mongol invasions are what brought devastation to Persia and Iraq. Influx of nomadic peoples enabled a new Islamic world to appear. Three Islamic Empires:Formed a triangular formation on the map:AnatoliaKhurasanBaghdad. With old Arabic speaking Islamic world at the heart of Islam geographically. The heart of Islam now had to cede authority to new rulers and religious men however. Each empire shared core Islamic beliefs but had their own unique political features.The Ottoman Empire—Sunni view of IslamThe Safavids—Shiite view of Islam; their rulers were bad at expanding beyond their PERSIAN base. Mughals—ruled over the wealthy but separated area that is modern-day India, Pakistan and Bangledesh. They carried the region’s religious and political traditions of assimilation of Islamic and pre-Islamic Indian ways. They were a constant target for internal dissent and external upset.1. The Rise of the Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Turks were the ultimate victors in the Anatolia Seljuk Turk vs. Monghols foray (attack). Transformed themselves into rulers of a settled state- Osman was their chief. - Stern and disciplined “Warrior Ethos” (philosophy). They had a whole class of young men who were trained from youth to know how to move in a coordinated fashion, carry out effective attacks. - Based in Bursa, Anatolia. - Became the champion of Sunni Islam throughout the Islamic world.- Expanded into the BALKANS and became the most powerful force in the eastern Mediterranean and western Asia.- Sultan was at the top of the hierarchy. Then military and civilian bureaucracy (demandedobedience and revenue form subjects)A. The Conquest of Constantinople in 1453The expansion of the Ottoman Empire was largely due to military ordeals. They promised wealth and glory to those who were new subjects. Emperor Constantine was a strong supporter of Christianity; Constantinople was the holy place for orthodox churches. When it fell, the shock was equivalent to the fall of Rome in 476.(Multilingual) Means many languages. Turkish was originally used. When you write in Arabic it goes from right to left. Lots of places spoke Arabic. Other sections had Armenian. Constantinople was an all-important city that was a symbol of religious unity, magnificent and wealthy in its own regard. B. Murad II and his successor Mehmed the ConquererMehmed—conquest of Constantinople. Muslim rulers had wanted this since the birth of Islam so it was a great accomplishment for Mehmed. He then wanted to conquer the capital of the Byzantine Empire. He built a fortressto keep European vessels from reaching the capital. Then he promised his soldiers free access to booty and displayed the city’s conquest as a HOLY CAUSE. This led to a massive army. For 40 days his troops bombarded Constantinople’s walls with Hungarian and Italian built cannons and other artillery. On May 29, 1453 Ottoman troops won and took the ancient Roman and Christian capital of Byzantium… Mehmed quickly renamed Byzantium *ISTANBUL.Christians look at the Muslim conquest of Constantinople as more of a “fall.” But it actually had cultural benefits for Western Europe. For instance- Christian survivors brought classical and Arabic manuscripts to Europe. - Knowledge of ancient Greek was able to spread. Other Ottoman Successes1458—sacked Athens1463—took Bosnia1480—Invaded ItalyMehmed II died and there was a power struggle following this.1492—invaded Hungary1493—Croatia.Istanbul was made the Ottoman capital. C. The Tools of Empire BuildingThe Ottomans were successful at penetrating the heartland of Christian Byzantium. Theymoved on under *SELIM and *SULEIMAN to move their expansion toward the Arab world. Suleiman—led 13 major military campaigns. He was a great military leader. Was also known as “the Lawgiver.” He wanted justice for his people as well. Known in Europe as “the Great Turk.” Ottoman state ruled over 20 to 30 million people under Suleiman. The Suleymaniye Mosque was built by Suleiman to crown his achievements. The Ottoman Empire stretched across Europe and the Arab world by the time he died.D. Religious PrinciplesOttoman power had important military characteristics evidently. But it also had rooting in religious principles. Sultans combined a warrior philosophy with a steady devotion to ISLAM. They saw themselves as the “shadow of God” or caretakers for the welfare of the Islamic faith. Sultan’s power combined the sacred and the secular. Islamic faith helped to unite this diverse populace.E. Istanbul and the Topkapi Palace The Suleymaniye Mosque sat opposite the Hagia Sophia.Ottoman dynasts welcomed Muslims and non-Muslims to the city and Istanbul became a major trading center. It was the world’s largest city outside of China by the end of the sixteenth century. *Topkapi