UGC 112 3rd Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Current LectureI. The time period of 1000-1300 CEII. Trends in actiona. Definition of Dhows and KarimIII. The Four Maritime Trading SitesIV. Sub-Sahara AfricaV. East Africa and the Indian OceanVI. Islama. Definition of Sufism Current Lecture“Becoming the World” 1000-1300 CEI. Three Main Trends During 1000-1300 CE:1. Trade shifted from land-based routes to sea-based routes and coastal trading cities were expanding drastically2. Linked by similarities in belief and institutions, four major cultural “spheres” developed: China, India, Islam, and Europe.3. The rise in the Mongol Empire signaled the peak in the long history of ties and tensions between settled and mobile peoples. II. The Trends in ActionThe Maritime Revolution was brought about by improved navigational aids among traders, new legal arrangements and accounting practices, more efficient shipbuilding, and lower cost of traveling over the sea.*Dhows—ships with triangle-shaped sails called lateens that greatly maximize the trade on the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. The invention of the needle compass by the Chinese helped sea travelers greatly.Protection- The Song dynasty in China, and the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt are examples.*Karim—loose confederation of shippers banding together to protect convoys that regularized the ocean traffic. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Other effects of Sea Trading- The demise of using camel trains, caravansaries and oasis hubs along the Silk Road. - Agriculture rushed into new regions; new strains of cereals were discovered and maize refinement began in the Americas.- Commercial cities sprouted up more frequently.o *Entrepôts are transshipment centers, located between borders or in ports, where traders exchange commodities and replenish supplieso Four places in the late tenth century became main maritime trading sites: Alexandria and Cairo in Egypt, Quanzhou in China, Melaka in the Malaysan Archipelago, and Quilon in India. III. The Four Maritime Trading SitesIn EgyptCairo- home to various Muslim and Jewish trading firmsAlexandria- Egypt’s lookout post on the Mediterranean. Silk yarn and textiles were popular trade commodities in trade involving Egypt. Glassware, corals, metals, olive oil, minerals, timber and bamboo were traded as well. In ChinaQuanzhou, China Song government had Seafaring Affairs offices set up. The government benefitted because they received a portion of the taxes. Their ships were large and had multiple water-tight compartments that made them very stable and headed from Srivijaya (Java) in the Malay Archipelago to the Strait of Melaka and finally to Quilon in India.In MelakaMelaka was in such a convenient location to Malayan tropical produce and this made it an important cosmopolitan city.People would purchase herbs, spices, and staple foods here.In IndiaThe Chola dynasty (a golden age that lasted two generations) during the tenth century supported an important center of sea trade between China and the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. Trade flourished in India even after the Chola dynasty. Muslim traders would settle in Malabar, Quilon became a major cosmopolitan hub. Muslims shipped horses from Arab countries to Indiaand the southeast islands. IV. Sub-Sahara AfricaTrade and Migration dramatically affected sub-Saharan Africa between 1000 and 1300.Sub-Saharan Africa had been a world entirely apart before 1000 CE but its integration became stronger. People were determined to overcome the barriers that had blocked these sub-Saharan peoples from partaking in long distance trade and social exchanges. West Africa and the Mande-Speaking Peoples: The Savanna region was becoming increasingly connected to developments in Afro-Eurasia and this led to Mande-speaking peoples emerging as the primary agents for integration within and beyond West Africa. Mande people: very adaptable and constantly moving around, spreading their culture. As they spread their territory to the Atlantic Coast, they gained access to tradable items such as kola nuts and malaguetta peppers. From the eleventh century to the late fifteenth century, the best businesses were those that spanned the Sahara Desert. The Mande Speaking peoples dominated this well. Salt and gold were valuable commodities. Slaves were important in West-African trade.Mali- became the Mande successor state to the kingdom of Ghana. It was founded in the 12th century and exercised political sway over a large portion of land for three centuries. Commerce was fully functional. Mansa Musa was Mali’s most famous sovereign. He made the hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca and astounded the Egyptians and a lot of the world with the face that Islam had spread far. V. East Africa and the Indian OceanBecause of monsoon winds, East Africa was the end point for a majority of the Indian Ocean trade. The most desired and valued product in the trade was gold. Shona-speaking people mined for it and grew rich. By 1000, the Shona had fifty small centers of religious andpolitical activity founded. Great Zimbabwe (center of the gold trade between the East African coastal peoples and traders sailing on the Indian Ocean) was one of these centers. Trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean Slave TradeSlave trade across the Sahara Desert and Indian Ocean boomed after Islam spread into Africa and sailing techniques got better. Under Islam, African slave trade flourished. VI. IslamAs Islam spread, it attracted more converts. Commercial networks that Muslim merchants sustained spread the word of the Quran.*Sufism—a popular form of religion that was highly mystical and communal. Many early mysticswould wrap themselves in “sufi” or wool to mark their penitence. Sufism spread fairly quickly Islam became even more accommodating and embraced Persian, Turkish, and Arabic culture. This is how the world acquired a “core” region centered in the Middle East, united by a shared faith. Muslim merchants were very important in the trading world. They were proof that a) political unity (the Abbasid caliphate), b) the spread of Arabic language and c) Islamic law, allowed business-people of many background to prosper. In the ninth century, Muslims became a majority within their own Abbasid Empire. Islam was also tolerant while being expansionists at the same time. Meanwhile, Islam’s political