BIOL 112 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures 1 25 Lecture 1 January 14 Epistemology the study of knowledges and its omits how do we know what we know and how do we learn more we get information from the universe using our senses Lecture 2 January 16 Untestable Theory beyond our current ability to examine don t have the technology resources to test a theory Unfalsifiable Theory constructed so that any possible test is meaningless it s not that you don t have the resources technology it s not fathomable Lecture 3 January 21 Evolution A change in population of organisms over a long period of time basis of change change in genetic composition of population Genetic changes produce change in biochemistry change in morphology change in behavior any other aspects of organisms under genetic control Half life unaffected by normal ambient conditions temperature pressure chemicals etc in one half life half of the original sample of a material will have decayed in two half lives 3 4 of the original sample will have decayed etc Lecture 4 January 23 Homology fundamental identity of structure organization of structures in living creatures are similar in spite of possible differences in function in other words structures on organisms from common ancestors but have different function Vestigial Organs Features in an organism that exist but have no purpose They appear to be the remains of organs that were more developed and had a purpose in the past history of species or its ancestors but no longer are developed or used Theories of Evolution Attempts to explain observed facts we evaluate these models by scientific standard techniques Jean Baptiste Lamarck Theory of Inheritance Theory published in 1809 variations in organisms arise from use disuse of organs variations that develop during an organism s lifetime are heritable Lamarck s Theory was not a valid model because it did not stand up to tests and was eventually discarded but it was the first testable theory during the Enlightenment about evolution Charles Darwin 1809 1882 Father was a wealthy physician and sent him to Edinburgh University to study medicine Darwin didn t like medicine but did like natural science so he dropped out and returned home dad said he could now be either a military officer or Anglican clergyman Father then sent him to Cambridge to study theology but he wasn t enthusiastic about that so he spent all his time studying natural sciences Was given the opportunity to study on the H M S Beagle to explore the coast of South America managed to get money from his father to do so Lecture 5 January 28 Three Observations Resources are limited Organisms produce more offspring than resources can support Variability in aspects of organisms these variations have a genetic basis Two Conclusions Offspring compete for resources and not all will have success Those organisms that compete most successfully will be most likely to reproduce and pass on favorable characteristics to offspring Mimicry and its Aspects Aposematic Coloration warning coloration bright easily recognized organisms frequently noxious poisons stings or bad taste Mimicry batestian and m llarian Batesian a non noxious species resembles the aposematic signals of a noxious species M llarian A number of noxious species converge to a common aposematic appearance Lecture 6 January 30 Neo Darwinian Theory of Evolution Mendel s work was rediscovered and fused in with Darwin s work Darwin alone couldn t support inheritable traits and the standard genetic model at the time was blending inheritance for which Mendel s work corrected that Darwin Natural Selection acting on variations in phenotypes Mendel Genetic Variability mutations and recombinations and Principles of Heredity Evolution became defined as a change in the genetic content of a population over time Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Conditions must be met Breeding population must be large No mutations are present in population No immigration or emigration no one comes in from the outside or leaves to change the population genotypes Reproduction is random the ability for all genotypes to contribute to the gene pool is equal genotype is not related to the success of the future population If all conditions are met the population is in a stable state H W Equilibrium in which allele frequencies and genotype frequencies will not change from generation to generation unless outside forces intervene Lecture 8 February 11 Linnaean Innovations Linnaean system of classification what we see today as systematics Brevity of writing style Development of and focus upon concept of species as fundamental biological unity Formal rules of binominals Two words always Latin or Classical Greek Why It is impartial to certain countries since they are dead languages Most education systems makes it essential to become fluent in these Always italicized or underlined Always used as a pair of words Lecture 9 February 13 Develop a scheme of organization which reflects the phylogeny evolutionary family tree of organisms Create monophyletic categories All organisms in category taxon have immediate common evolutionary ancestry including ancestors Avoid polyphyletic or paraphyletic taxa Paraphyletic leave creatures out of the taxa that make the data invalid Polyphyletic include other taxa that isn t homologous with the data has a different lineage Lecture 10 February 18 Two basic arrangements of cell wall components Gram Positive Thicker cell wall 20 nm wall is 90 peptidoglycan lipid content low 0 2 Highly resistant to ethanol extraction so gram stain will remain in cell and leave darkly stained cell Purple Blue Gram Negative Thinner cell wall 10 15 nm contains only 20 peptidoglycan higher lipid content 10 20 High lipid content makes wall sensitive to ethanol extraction so most of the gram stain will be removed and leave weakly stained cell Pink Gram positive cells are especially sensitive to penicillin Penicillin inhibits enzymes that synthesize cross links in wall Gram negative cells are less sensitive to penicillin Lecture 11 February 20 Symbionts Some prokaryotes live in association with other organisms derive carbon nutrients from living organic matter host Mutualism relationship is beneficial to both partners Commensalism one symbiont benefits while the host is neither harmed nor helped Parasitism Symbiont benefits host is harmed Prokaryotic parasites are also known as pathogens disease causers Domain Archaea Very ancient like forms have a number