HD 101 1nd Exam # 3Human Development 101 Study Guide Unit 3Chapter 8-9Erik Erickson—made theories on adolescent identity. He argued that adolescents face a crisis between identity and role confusion. Crisis involves balancing the desire to try out many possible selves and the need to select a single self. Adolescents who achieve a sense of identity are well prepared to form relationships with others. Form an identity by using hypothetical reasoning skills of the formal-operational stage to experiment with different selves to learn more about possible identities. Many of this is career oriented. Identity- Answer to the question: “Who am I?”, includes appearance, beliefs, attitudes, interests, roles, abilities, career, hopes, groups, etc, is a person's conception and expression of their individuality or group affiliations4 Phases of Identity: (the stages don’t necessarily go in order, most common for early adolescents are diffusion and foreclosure and older adolescents are moratorium and achievement) 1. Identity Diffusion- individual is overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity and does little to accomplish the task (example: Larry hates the idea of deciding what to do with his future, so he spends most of his free time playing video games)2. Foreclosure- the individual has a status determined by adults rather than by personal exploration (example: for as long as she can remember, Sakura’s parents have told her she should be an attorney and join the family’s law firm. She plans to study prelaw in college, though she’s never given the matter much thought)3. Psychological Moratorium- the individual is examining different alternatives but has yet to find one that is satisfactory (example: Brad enjoys almost all of his classes, thinks about various jobs he wants to have in the future, he thinks it’s a little weird to change his mind so often, but also enjoys it)4. Achievement- the individual has explored alternatives and has deliberately chosen a specific identity (example: throughout middle school, Efrat wanted to play in the WNBA, during 9th grade she wanted to be a physician, then she took a computing course and found her niche. She knew she wanted to study computer science in college) Personal Fable- irrational belief that they’re unique, destined for greatness (wealth, fame, etc), no one understands what it’s like to be them (example: thinks they’re the first person to go through a breakup and thinks no one understands the pain)Imaginary Audience- irrational belief that others think about them…a lot, feel highly evaluated, on stage, being watchedSocial clock- tagging future events with a particular time or age by which they are to be completedChapter 9 and 11Friendships- still sex-segregated (boy:boy, girl:girl), still stereotyped activities (girls share emotion, boys compete), number of “best friends” declines (5 to 2), important features change (intimacy: psychological closeness, trust, loyalty: devoted, reliable)Has: affective or emotional basis (refers to self-disclosure and expressions of intimacy, appreciation, support), shared or communal nature (friends support or particcpate in the same activiites), sociability and compatibility (our friends keep us entertained and are sources of amusement and fun)Clique- 5-7 close friends, share information, act similarly, similar backgroundsCrowd- large, loosely organized group, based on generic qualities, (jocks, preps, stoners, etc)Romantic Relationships- about 2/3 of US adolescents have had a romantic relationship within the previous 1 ½ years. Teenagers date because: for younger adolescents: dating is both for companionship and sexual exploration, for older: source of trust and support-Adolescents in romantic relationships are more self-confident but also report more emotional upheaval 3 basic components: passion (an intense physiological desire for someone), intimacy (feeling that one can share all one’s thoughts and actions with one another), commitment (the willingness to stay w/ a person through good and bad)Interpersonal attraction: is the attraction between people which leads to friendships and romantic relationships.Proximity: nearness in space, time, or relationship.SimilarityAveragenessSymmetry Triangular Theory of Love– Passion (Infatuation)-Typical early in a romantic relationship– Commitment (Empty Love)– Intimacy (Liking)– Passion + Intimacy (Romantic Love)– Intimacy + Commitment (Companionate Love) – Commitment + Passion (Fatuous Love)– Passion + Intimacy + Commitment • Consummate Love (e.g., marriage)ADHD- (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) (AD= trouble concentrating, inattentive, careless, forgetful) (H=impulsive, hyper, trouble inhibiting, active)-Treatment: stimulants (Ritalin, Adderall, caffeine)Why?: brain is under-stimulated, it is a myth that it is because their parents don’t give them enough attentionDiagnosis: symptoms before age 7, lasts 6+ months, prevalence (3-5% and mostly boys)-It is a chemical imbalance and that’s why the medicine works)Anorexia-Nervosa- self starvation, a disorder marked by a persistent refusal to eat and an irrational fear of being overweight, 25% below average body weight, 90% of the cases are in females, deadliest of all psychological disorders, irrational belief they’re fat…distorted cognition,obsessed w/ food but doesn’t eat it, high SES, smart, families that stress feminityBulimia-Nervosa- binge-purge cycle, binge=4000 to 5000 calories in one sitting, purge=self induced vomiting or laxatives, not characterized by a dramatic weight loss, mostly females, low body satisfaction, can occur in males as well-usually wrestlers, male dancersBOTH DISEASES ARE ALIKE BECAUSE: primarily impact females, emerge in adolescence, Substance Abuse- tobacco and alcohol most frequently used, higher rates in males (except cigarettes), alcohol abuse=5+ drinks in one sitting, 3% of high school seniors drink daily- 16% smokeObesity- severely overweight (20% over average body weight), adolescent obesity-80% likely to be an obese adult, heart disease, diabetesChapter 11:Cohabitation- committed, sexual relationship who aren’t married, but decides that cohabitation(living together) provides a way to share daily lifeLimited cohabitation: convenience is goal, not marriagePremarital cohabitation: compatibility got marriageSubstitute marriage: used in place of marriage (homosexual couples, commonwealth marriage)-53% of marriages are