Human Development Final Exam ReviewAdolescenceI. Defining and Measuring - Adolescence is transition between childhood and adulthoodA. Chronological: teens or junior highB. Biological: pubertyC. Cultural: rites of passage (coming of age)1. Religious(Confirmation, baptism)2. Mutilation (Circumcise, piercing, tattoos)3. Walkabout Puberty- Physical changes that make an individual capable of reproduction- How it workso Hypothalamuso Endocrine systemo Pituitary Gland Human Growth Hormone Gonadotropins- Primary sex characteristics (make individual capable of reproduction)o Production of sperm (testes mature) Spermarche- first ejaculation - Occurs during masturbation (occasionally sleep)- 14 yearso Menstruation (ovaries mature and release eggs) Menarche- first menstrual cycle- Ovaries release egg on 28 day cycle- First few cycles may be irregular- Secondary sex characteristics (observable changes in physical appearance)Early vs. Late Puberty: 1. Malesa. Puberty generally a positive experienceb. Early developers=higher status2. Femalesa. Puberty generally a negative experienceb. Early developers= lower self esteem, poorer body imageMenarcheWhy is menarche beginning earlier?- Nutrition (fattier diets)- Health CareCritical Weight Hypothesis- Menstruation triggered by weight/fat ratioo Delayed in very lean girlso Amenorrhea: menstrual cycle stops when female fall below weight/fat ratiooAdolescence Sex11% of adolescents engage in anal sex with someone of the opposite sex 55% males & 54% females are engaged in oral sex with someone from the opposite sexEach year there are 19 million STD infections12% all pregnancies each year occur among adolescents - Who are males and females sleeping with?o Males: Causal, acquaintance, dating with affectiono Female Someone loved, expected to marry- Why the discrepancy between males and females?o Differing sexual scripts Males- sex leads to intimacy Females- intimacy leads to sex- Differing scripts may explain high instance of acquaintance rapeo 1/7 college women report being raped 80% by acquaintance- Masturbation is the most common adolescent sexual activityo 95% of maleso 50% females- Homosexuality activityA. Why not use contraceptives?a. Uneducatedb. Limited accessc. InvulnerableB. USA teen pregnancy rate highest in the worldC. Sexual activity same as other countriesSources about SexI. Where do teens learn about sex?a. Parents (too late, awkward)b. Media (music, movies, TV, magazines)c. School (Sex ed)d. Friends, peers (inaccurate)II. Consequencesa. Pregnancyb. STD’sTeen PregnancyI. 50 % of teens report that pregnancy resulted from first sexual encountera. 80% unintendedb. 80% unmarriedII. Sexually active teensi. 20% never use contraceptionii. 40% sometimesiii. 40 % regularly useContraception- Reduce likelihood of pregnancy- Contraceptive do not prevent stds- Abstinence is key IdentityWhat is identity? - Answer: who am i?- Includes: appearance, attitudes, beliefs, interest, roles, abilities, career, hopes, groupsPrimary crisis in adolescence - Erikson: identity vs. identity confusion- Turbulent, full of contactIdentity Conflict Myth Adolescents:- Often admire there parents- Feel loved by there parents- Ask parents for advice - Adopt parent valuesDiffer:- Clothes- Music- Tv- Friends- ActivitiesDisagreements occur - Adolescents believe theses are personal traits- Parents believe these are right/wrongIdentity DevelopmentStatuses:- 2 dimensions: exploration and commitment- 4 different statuseso Occupationo Politicso Religiono Relationships - Full identity means achievement in each area“Why Crisis in adolescence?”- 2 main distortions for how adolescents see themselves- Personal fable: irrational belief that they are unique- Imaginary audience: irrational belief that others think about them, a lotIdentity in Adulthood:Past: who you have already beenPresent: who you currently areFuture: who you hope/expect to be- Social clock: when you expect things to happenCounterfactuals: “what-ifs”- Study: Olympic silver medalist Problems:ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)- AD= trouble concentrating, inattentive, careless, forgetful-H=impulsive, hyper, trouble inhibiting, active- Treatment: stimulants- Diagnosis: symptoms before age 7 last 6+ months o Prevalence=3-5% mostly boysSubstance Use/Abuse- Tobacco and alcohol most frequently used- Higher rates in males (expect cigarettes)- Alcohol abuse= 5+ drinks at 1 sittingAnorexia Nervosa- Self starvationo 25% below average body weighto 90 % cases in femaleso Deadliest disorder o Irrational belief they are fatBulimia Nervosa Binge-Purge Cycle- Binge= 4000-5000 calories in 1 sitting- Purge=self induced, vomiting- Not characterized by dramatic weight loss- Mostly females- Low body satisfactionObesity - Severely overweighto 20% over average body weighto Adolescent obesity= 80% likely to be obese adulto Heart disease, diabeteso Exercise, low fat, low calorieo BM=body massFriendships- Still sex-segregated (boy: boy/girl: girl)- Still stereo-typed activates o Girls share emotionso Boys compete- Number of best friend declines (5 to 2)- Important features changeo Intimacy: psychological closeness, trusto Loyalty: devoted, reliablePeer Groups Clique: 5-7 close friends- Share information- Acts similar- Similar backgroundsCrowd: large, loosely, organized group- Based of genetic qualitiesRomantic RelationshipsInterpersonal Attraction: - Proximity- Similarity: physical, intellectual, spiritual, cultural- Physical attraction: average features, symmetryCohabitation- 53% of marriages preceded by cohabitationo Committed, sexual relationship  Limited cohabitation: convenience is goal, not marriage  Premarital: compatibility, got marriage Substitute marriage: used in place of marriageSuccessful Marriage- Strong sense of marital identity- Similarity: values, goals, education, attractiveness- Equally important in relationship- Resolve conflictConflict Resolution Styles (gottman)Validating CoupleA. Acknowledge feelings even in disagreementViolate CouplesB. Intense arguments, persuasion (not compromise)Avoidant CouplesC. Minimize or ignore problems, no resolutionFamilyComplex set of inter-related relationships- Changes as adolescents: withdrawalso Attachment: adult / adult relationshipso Autonomy: struggle for independenceo Achievement; set own goalso Identity: try new things, meet new peopleo Sexuality: thinking about sexual stuffAdolescents- Require more resources- Spend