Human Development Exam 2Cognitive DevelopmentDefinition:- Changes in thinking and reasoningo Ex. Language, thought, memory, imaginationTheories:A. Piaget - Theory of Genetic Epistemology- Adaption: managing new informationo Assimilation- using existing knowledge to understand new information. Ex. (calling a zebra a horse with white strips, sippy cup to straws)o Accommodation- creating new knowledge to understand new information.  Ex. (calling a zebra a zebra, straw to cup)B. Vygotsky - Socio-cultural developmento Knowledge acquired through social interaction with the world Scaffolding: structured support for learning Private speech: transferring knowledge from world to mind (by talking to self) Zone of proximal development: difference between what can be done(or is known) and what can be done (or known) with help.C. Information Process - The ability to process new informationo Computer is used as an analogy Ex. Hardware=brain (like attention memory)o Development is a function of processing speed, efficiency, and capacity.4 Stages of Cognitive Development:~Kids require knowledge about the world differently1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years)o Learning through senses and motor skillso Acquires multiple perspectives2. Preoperational (2-6 years)o Egocentrism o Acquires multiple perspectives3. Concrete Operations (6-12 years)o Loss of egocentrismo Acquires logic thought (about concrete problems)4. Formal Operations (12+ years)o Thinks symmetricallyo Acquires abstract thought and logicMemory- Retaining and recalling past experience- Basic Processes:o Encoding- transferring information into memoryo Storage- marinating the information over timeo Retrieval- recovering information from memory Recognition-assisted recovery of past information Recall- unassisted recovery of past informationModal Model of Memory:- Sensory memoryo Unlimited capacityo Brief duration- Short term memoryo Limited capacityo 7+/-2- Long term memoryo Unlimited capacityo Unlimited durationStoring Memories- Scripts: memory for event sequence (ex. Eating at a restaurant)- Schemas: memory for category (Ex. Birds, chairs, racial profile)- Implicit Memories: unconsciouso H. M, Clive Wearing, Memento- Explicit Memories: conscious o Semantic- facts (capitol of Al)o Procedural- how (tie shoes)o Episodic- events (birthday party)o Autobiographical- personal life story  Infinite amnesia: poor retention of early personal memoriesMemory Problems- Infantile Amnesiao Theory of mind: immature understanding the mindo Sense of self-immature sense to selfo Narrative ability: poor story telling- False Memorieso Source Monitoringo Suggestibility- Forgetting- Eyewitness Testimonyo Witnesses interviewed 10 times before trialo 100% children testify in a case annually- Memory is efficient, but inaccurate(EX. -Flashbulb memories)IntelligenceDifficult to define- Allows: o Planningo Abstract Thinkingo Reasono Problem Solvingo Learning- Language often correlates with intelligence- 3 A’so Abilityo Achievemento AptitudeTheories- Multiple component modelso General intelligence + Specific skills- Multiple Intelligences (Howard Gardner)o Verbalo Mathematicalo Musical o Arto Interpersonal (social)o Intrapersonal (personality)o Spatialo Physical (athletics) - No intelligence (1, 2)-IQ (Intelligence Quotient) DQ: (Development Quotient)- Mental Age/ chronological age X 100- Standardized- WAIS, WISC, WIPSI- IQ scores are relatively stable over timeFactors that affect IQ- Geneticso Identical twins reared togethero Identical twins reared aparto Fraternal twins (siblings)- SES (Income and Education)- Cultural Majority- MalnutritionRepresentation- Mental Representation Mental counterpart to something in the world- Symbolic representation 1 thing represents another- Example of Representation Written and spoken language Images, videos, and maps Gestures, signs, numbersLanguage Development~ Language is how we communicate meaning- Spoken- Written- Gestures- Nonverbal~Babies get a lot of supportLanguage Milestones~ Babies- Crying (birth)- Cooing and babbling (2-4 months)- Comprehending words (6-10 months)- Producing gestures (6-10 months)- Producing words (10-15 months)o Over extension- use words too badlyo Under extension- use words to narrowly- Vocabulary explosion (16-24 months) At 50 words Naming insight Fast mapping: very fast word learning- Combining words (20-26 months) o Telegraphic: speech, short, high content wordsLanguage in the Brain- Broca’s Area: language production- Wernickle’s Area: language comprehension- Other language disordero Dyslexiao Stutteringo LispsDual Representation- Representing both concrete and abstract features of an object or eventTheory of Mind- Understanding how the mind works- Preschool have limited understandingo 3 year olds know Only humans think Thinking involves brain Seeing and touching are not thinkingo 3 year olds don’t know How much thinking happens When it happens How to tell what someone is thinking aboutFalse Beliefs- Knowing that another person holds a false beliefMental States- Intentions: 18 month old understands intent- Desires: understands desire- Beliefs: toddlers expect people to act on beliefs- Wishing: 4-6 year olds thinks wishing works- Dreaming- Magic- Fantasy: believing in Santa Clause- Imagination: Imaginary friends- Pretend: using real things in a make believe wayo Must Understand Intent Knowledge Not real Self imitated Naive Theories- Animacy- Biology- Physics- Math- Death Concepts- Categorieso Artifactobvious propertieso Natural Kindnon-obvious propertieso Nominal Kind- Defining or essential features- Probabilistic - PrototypeSchool- Preschoolo Ages 3-5 years oldo NAEYC- improving the well-being of childreno Curriculums Montessori-self directed learning where the teacher is facilitator Head Start- Government program provided to children of low income familieso Skills: social, cognitive, physical development- Pre- K Initiativeo Classroom- based approach for 4 & 5 year olds- Kindergarteno First year at a formal schoolo Academic skills: reading, writing, math- Elementary Schoolo 1st-6th grades (6-11 years old)School Skills- Drawingo 3 year old draw shapes- Writingo 5 year olds write letters, name- Readingo 7 year old spells, sounds out wordo Instruction- learning whole words, phonics (learning individual sounds)Schools- Public Schoolso Public moneyo Mandated regulations - Charter Schoolso Public moneyo