HD 101 1st EditionExam # 1 Study GuideChapter 1:Human Development- multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over a lifespan. -Firmly grounded in theory and research as it seeks to understand human behavior. Studying Development:General Principles-universal changes (babbling before speaking, reading before writing)Individual differences- individual experiences, changes at different times. (Examples: Language abilities in children with autism or reading at 5 years or 7 years)Theory- a set of propositions that describe, explains, and predicts a phenomenon. -Broad explanations for why something happens-The world is full of theory: How is the universe created? What’s wrong with the economy? -Development is full of theory:-Personality, home-schooling, parenting, morality -Tough love reduces crime (boot camps) self esteem improves gradesDarwin: 1. Natural selection- certain individuals are more equipped to survive environmental conditions-and they mate with someone who has that trait as well 2. Survival of the fittest- the species that have more of these traits are more likely to survive3. Adaptation- relating to or exhibiting adaptation, readily capable of adapting or of being adapted, able to acquire a new environment4. Evolution- the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth, the gradual development of something, esp. from a simple to a more complex form.Developmental Theories: 1. One Course- universal path vs. many courses- unique path (everyone crawls and then walks BUT every single person has a unique set of experiences that have led us here to this course of our lives.)2. Continuous- quantitative change (smooth and gradual in its change over time) vs. Discontinuous- qualitative change, not a change in amount but change in kind, how something happens) (Example: Memory is better as an adult is better than when you were a child, is your memory better because its faster or does it have more room to store information? Faster or bigger=continuous (quantitative))Reason brain is better because it works differently now=discontinuous (qualitative)3. Nature-genetics, biology vs. Nurture- environment (Example: Aggressive child- their environment produced their aggression from household or parents, watch violent TV shows, have friends who are violent, males are more aggressive than females…because of testosterone) Eye color- geneticCrimson tide fan- environmentPsychosexual Theory:Id- instinctual drives, pleasure principle (drive to eat, procreate, sleep- core needs. Meeting the demands of the Id usually makes you feel good) -The id is the most basic part of the personality, and wants instant gratification for our wants and needs. If these needs or wants are not met, a person becomes tense or anxious.-Examples: In line at the salad bar, Amy was so hungry that she shoved a handful of croutons in her mouth as she waited for the line to move; a hungry baby cried until he was fed, Sally was thirsty. Rather than waiting for the server to refill her glass of water, she reached across the table and drank from Mr. Smith’s water glass, much to his surprise.Ego- Balance the Id’s demands, reality principle (going to the restroom), trying to meet the desires of the id in a way that is socially acceptable in the world. This may mean delaying gratification, and helping to get rid of the tension the id feels if a desire is not met right away. -Examples: Sally was thirsty. However, she knew that her server would be back soon to refill her water glass, so she waited until then to get a drink, even though she really just wanted to drink from Mr. Smith’s glass, Hillary was so sweaty after her workout that she wanted to change her clothes right there by the car. However, she knew the other people around her would not approve, so she waited until she was in the restroom to change.Superego- embodied societal rules, conscience, based on morals and judgments about right and wrong. Even though the superego and the ego may reach the same decision about something, the superego’s reason for that decision is more based on moral values-Example: Sarah knew that she could steal the supplies from work and no one would know about it. However, she knew that stealing was wrong, so she decided not to take anything even though she would probably never get caughtStages:Oral (0-1 years old, emergence of Id) (Kids understand world through their mouth, sucking their thumb or a toy)Anal (1-3 years old, emergence of Ego, toilet training)Phallic (3-6 years old, emergence of superego) Evaluating Theories: A theory is better IF:-Reflects the real world (of children)-Is understandable-Explain past and predicts future-Offers practical guidelines for research-Logically consistent-Is economical (parsimonious)-Is falsiable (can be proven wrong)?-Is fertile (stimulates discovery of knowledge)-Self-satisfying (makes sense) Methods used to assess theories: Think critically about a theory, generate a research question, form a hypothesis (specific, testable prediction), test the hypothesisResearch Methods :- methods used to asses theories (think critically about a theory, generate a research question, form a hypothesis, test hypothesis)1. Observation- observing natural behavior (prejudice on the playground, frustration at the water fountain, parking behaviors) Strengths: unsolicited and uncontaminated behaviorWeaknesses: limited control, unreliable interpretations Example: Researcher interested in knowing if young children have prejudices in the behavior, set up video cameras on a playground, take videos and go back to lab and havepeople code them for instances of prejudices, problematic: he will go back and code what has been recorded, if looking for behavior it is more likely to bring bias and see prejudice that isn’t there, but he also might not see any prejudice because he didn’t try to manipulate the results If someone is looking at a watch, are they frustrated because they’re late or they want toknow the time? The weakness of observation is its up to interpretation. 2. Case Study- close examination of single individual or group (prodigies and savants (Mozart, Picasso), Unique community or group). Strengths: acquisition of a large volume of informationWeaknesses: poor generalizabilityExample: A man remembers everything, knows 2000 years of calendar dates, but he cantfry an egg or