1.Ahura Mazda/Angra Mainyu- Ahura Mazda- (550-330BCE) source of truth, light, goodness. Will win aided by final savior. Judgement day. Both Achaemid dynasty - Angra Mainyu- force of evil. God of darkness Bringer of death and disease. 2. Aristotle/Plato/Socrates- - Aristotle (384BC-322BC) Greek philosopher born in stagirus Greece and was a student of Plato’s. Used his 5 senses to explain world. Wrote govt was best having huge middle class educated men. (EMPHASIZED EMPIRACAL OBSERVATIONS) - Plato (429BCE-348BCe) a philosopher in classical Greece, a mathematician, student of Socrates, founder of academy in Athens. - Socrates (469-399BCE)- Classical Greek philosopher Athens. Credited as founder of western philosophy. Equated virtue with the knowledge of one's true self, holding that no one knowingly does wrong. Believed in absolute right or wrong. Executed for corrupting Athens youth. Plato wrote everything down. Rationalism toward question of human existence. 3. Arjuna/Bhagavad Gita 4. Ashoka (268-232 BCE)- one of India’s greatest emperors. Nonviolent and tolerant- Converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully- an Indian emperor of the Maura Dynasty who rules most of the Indian subcontinent - Mauryan empir e broke apart after Ashoka’s death. 5. Aspasia (470-400 BCE) Born in Miletus, Turkey/Died in Athens, Greece. - A Milesian woman.Mistress of Athenian statesman Pericles. She was ridiculed. - Famed for her learning and wit6. Athenian patriarchy- 700-400 bce- Increasing limitation on women- Completely excluded from public/ represented by guardian in law, not even named In court - Restricted to home. Married in mid teen to men 10-15 years older- Role in life: domestic management/bearing sons. - Could only negotiate small contracts- hmosexuality7. Axum- Present day Ethiopia/ plough based agriculture and port trade. Tribute and language (Geez & Agaw)8. Bantu societies 9. Batwa 10. Brahmin 500BCE; Indian social class of priest. 1 of 3 classes of pure Aryan 11. Buddhism- basic impermanence of human life. Siddhartha guatama 12. Cahokia- corn based agriculture post 800CE near St.Louis. 900-1250 status based society, communityof 10kppl but much larger geographic reach13. Chavin (de Huantar) – 2-3k ppl in 750 BCE, Religious cult not empire14. Chinese Buddhism 15. Chinese landlords- first century bce- Small scale peasent farmers had been displace by large landowners and tenant farmers- State opposed creation of large estated throughout chinese history without much success- Large landowners would evade taxes & sometimes kept ind. Milit. Forces that could challenge imperial authority.- Land reforms by Wang Mang (8-23 ce) impossible to enforce- Landowners benefited from wealth and prestige of membership In bureaucracy. 16. Chinese patriarchy- male dominance; china - the Han dynasty, elite ideas became more patriarchal and linked to Confucianism- Collapse of Han Dynasty: major sign of weakening patriarchy - Growing popularity of Daoism provided ne women roled17. Chinese scholars - 124 B.C.E.: Wudi established an imperial academy for officials- around 300000 students bu end of han dynaty- written exams used to select officials- favored weathy who could educate sons. Beaurcrates had great prestige and priveleges.18. Christianity (10-65 CE) Began with Paul- Early concers were typicall urban lower class and women- Attraction of miracle stories & care for each other. Woman had more opportunities- Developed a male hierchial to replace house churches. Women executed from priesthood19. Confucian class distinctions 20. Confucianism- Confucius (551-479 BCE) where- is ideas and commentary were recorded as confucuanism as a body of thought. - Principle- moral ex of superiors is answer to disorder. Society consist of unequal relationships. Education is key. Non-religious in character. Educated elite had little to do with existence of Gods and spirits. 21. Dalit – untouchables; member of lowest class in India; forbidden to touch 22. Daoism- legendary Laozi (6th century BCE) opposite of Confucianism.(the way of nature) Educationand striving for improvement was artificial and useless. Urged withdrawal in nature; provided peasant rebellion ideas-yellow turbans. Elite chines regarded Daoism as a complement to Confucianism. 23. Dehumanization of slaves (from Miller article) 24. Ghana/Mali/Songhay 25. Helots- (370BC) member of a class of serfs in ancient Sparta; Slaves; worked land.26. Hetaera – 1820 female companion; highly cultured courtesan or concubine; ancient Greece28. Hopewell Interaction Sphere- 200 bce-400CE burial mounds: ritual and astronomy. Hopewell interaction sphere of trade. 29. Ibn Battuta 30. Inca trade 31. Jati 32. Jenne-Jeno 33. Judaism – Hebrews; Recorded in Old Testament; establishment of state of Israel in 1000BCE- Migration to Palestine led by Abraham; foundation of both Christianity and Islam- distinctive conception of God: Yahweh demanded exclusive loyalty34. Legalism 2000 BCE- chinese philosophy principle-clears laws/vigorous punishment. - Han Fei- leading legalist philosopher; inspired Qin dynast reunification of China’ promotion of farmer and soldiers; pessimistic view of human nature; 35. Marco Polo 36. Maya 37. Mayan water control 38. Meroe- (800 BCE- 350 CE) center of Nubian civilization after losing control of Egypt. Worship Isis, Amun, Anubis. Kingdom of Kush39. Moche – 100-800 CE Irrigation and anchovies, pyramids and warrior priest40. Palestinian prophets 600 BCE41. Pochteca 42. Pueblo 43. Siddhartha Gautama (566-ca 486BCE) founder of Buddhism; - Central Buddhist teaching-life is suffering - Large elements of Hinduism found in teachings: practice of meditation, life as illusion- Buddhism challenged Hinduism: rejection of Brahmins, lack of interest in abstract speculation- Spiritual journey led to enlightenment. Followers saw him as the Buddha44. Slavery (600-1500CE) established tradition around time of Hammurabi (1750 BCE)- Captives from war and piracy, abandoned children, victims of long distant trade- Many west African slaves worked on large estates and plantations controlled by the king. At first there were mostly women males were increasingly employed for heavy labor. - Domestication of animals provided a model for human slavery- Patriarchal ownership, war, and private property of women may have encouraged slavery- Social death; lack of rights and