Leadership Class 25 11 14 Sang Hoon Han PhD Candidate CPA Department of Management and Human Resources Fisher College of Business The Ohio State University Preview Three approaches about leadership emergence and leader functioning o Trait approach o Behavioral Approach o Contingency Situational Approach Leadership and HRM Management vs Leadership 2 Leadership Leadership A process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal o No need to have a formal position of authority to be a leader 3 Trait Approach to Leadership 4 Trait Approach to Leadership 1900 1940 Great Man Approach Attempt to identify personality characteristics or interpersonal attributes that differentiate leaders from followers Assumption Leaders are born Goal Identify select leader based on positive leadership traits Trait Approach to Leadership Key positive leadership traits Intelligence Personality o Conscientiousness o Extroversion o Openness to experience Emotional Intelligence Emotional Stability Self Efficacy Self Esteem Communication skills Test your knowledge Tom believes that individuals with certain personality characteristics are suitable for leadership positions Tom has A behavior approach B trait approach C situational approach D Task oriented approach E developmental approach Limitations of Trait Approach Fails to consider the situation Traits do not predict leadership in all situations If leaders are born why are we here Why companies even offer leadership training and development programs Test your knowledge True or false Trait approach of leadership views that leadership can be developed X Trait approach of leadership views that there are certain individual characteristics that help some people emerge as leaders O Trait approach of leadership considers situational contingencies that differentiate effective leadership styles in different situations X Behavioral Approach to Leadership 10 Behavioral Approach to Leadership This approach attempts to identify the unique behaviors displayed by effective leaders Task oriented leader behavior e g transactional leadership Relationship oriented leader behavior e g empowering leadership ethical Leadership Transformational leader behavior Assumption We can develop leader behaviors Leaders are made Goal Systematically improve and develop leader behaviors Behavioral Approach to Leadership Task Oriented Leader Behavior Primary purpose is to ensure that people equipment and other resources are used in an efficient way o Transactional leadership Focuses on clarifying employees role and tasks requirements and providing followers with positive and negative rewards contingent on performance Goal setting Monitor progress toward goal achievement Reward and punish people for their level of goal accomplishment punishments Promote compliance by followers through rewards and Exchange relationship with employees give and take Emphasize work efficiency 12 Behavioral Approach to Leadership Relationship Oriented Leader Behavior Focus on creating positive work relationships among coworkers and between the leader and his her employees o Leader behavior that creates mutual respect or trust o Prioritizing members needs and desires Ex o Empowering leadership Psychological empowerment o Making employees believe that they have control over their work o Ethical Leadership Behaving as a moral role model 13 Behavioral Approach to Leadership Transformational Leader Behavior Leader behavior that goes beyond task and relational leadership o Transform their followers to pursue organizational goals over self interests Set high expectations Inspire followers to change Promote stimulate intelligence and problem solving Give individualized help to each employee 14 Test your Knowledge Margaret leads her employees by having formal clear guidelines and procedures for each task they perform Which leadership style best describes Margaret s style A Consideration leadership B Transformational leadership C Transactional leadership D Competent leadership E Ethical leadership Test your Knowledge The boss in the workplace told team members that Let me share a vision that transcends us to a greater good This leader behavior is A Great man leader trait B Ethical leadership C Empowering leadership D Transformational leadership E Transactional leadership Test your Knowledge Transactional leadership is a leadership style identified by the trait approach X People who clarify employees roles and tasks can emerge and function as transactional leaders O People who can inspire employees to pursue organizational goals over self interests can emerge and function as transformational leaders O Behavioral approach of leadership views that individual traits Behavioral approach of leadership views that how people behave can determine leader emergence X determine leader emergence O Behavioral approach of leadership views that people can develop behaviors suitable to emerge and function as leaders O Behavioral Approach to Leadership Leader behavior is more important than leader traits when it comes to effectiveness Leader behaviors can be systematically improved and Implications developed Problems The needed behaviors for effective leadership are not the same across situations 18 Contingency Situational Approach to Leadership 19 Contingency Situational Approach This approach suggests that there is no single best style of leadership o The effectiveness of a particular style of leader behavior or a particular trait depends on the situation Assumption It depends Goal Match leadership style to the situation at hand Contingency Situational Approach Fiedler s Contingency Model A leader s effectiveness is contingent on the extent to which a leader s style fits the situational context Leader s Style Fiedler identified two leadership styles task oriented and relationship oriented o Task oriented leaders focus on the tasks that need to be performed to achieve goals o Relationship oriented leaders focus on the relationships with their team members emphasizing supportive and motivational aspects 21 Contingency Situational Approach Situational Favorableness Fiedler outlined three key situational factors that determine the favorableness of the context o Leader Member Relations The degree of confidence trust and respect that members have for their leader Good relations imply a favorable situation o Task Structure The degree to which the task is clear and structured with clear goals and procedures High
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