MHR Exam 2I. Conflict, Power and Politicso Conflict in Organization Types of conflict (2) - Dysfunctional – conflict that is detrimental to organizational goalsand objectives - Functional – conflict that is beneficial to organizational goals and objectives Potential benefits of conflict- More effective management of change- Increased morale and cohesiveness- Better communication - Improved creativity (4) Major Categories- 1. Personality- 2. Intergroupo Polarization o Leads to decrease productivity and “finger pointing”o Conditional cohesiveness – how well the team is doing - 3. Cross – Cultural - 4.Work-Family o Conflict Outcomes and Resolution Conflict Escalation – where it grows worse overtime - Likelihood increases when o Status differenceso Different goals Conflict Resolution Strategies - Cooperativeness v Assertiveness o Integrating (high assertiveness and high coop)o Dominating (high assertiveness and low coop)o Compromising (middle)o Avoiding (low assertiveness and low coop)o Obliging (low assertiveness and high coop) Forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution- Facilitation - Conciliation - Peer Review- Ombudsman - Regulator- Mediation- Arbitration o Negotiation Types (2)- Distributive o A fixed pie, zero sum game - Integrativeo “added value” , both can win o Steps Clarifying interests Identifying options designing alternative deal packages Selection a deal Finalizing/perfecting the deal o Influencing Others Potential outcomes of trying to influence- Resistance - Compliance - Commitment/internalization Principles - Reciprocity - good action with good action - Consistency and commitment- Authority - Social proof - Liking - Scarcity Tactics- Soft o Rational persuasion, consultation, personal appeal, ingratiation, inspirational appeal - Hard o Exchange, coalition, legitimizing, pressure o Power Types - Legitimate – based on position - Expert – in field - Reward- Coercive – perceive ability to have power - Referent – because of who they are (charismatic presence)o Ex. Gordon Gee has all Sharing power with Others- Potential benefitso Increased motivation, productivity, decision making - Required Elements o Information sharing o Employee development o Reward employeeso Politics Organizational politics- Politics and behaviors found in virtually all organizations - Causes include change, lack of clarity, resource allocation - Goal is to exert influence on others- Triggered by uncertainty Concepts/Issues - Individual v Coalition v Network o Coalition = 1 issue (drunk driving)o Network = broad (energy) Effectively wielding political power - Always make your own informed decision about you own behavior- Framing and timing - Position carefully - Remember people have LONG memories Mintzberg’s Political Games- Insurgency – revolution from the bottom- Counter insurgency - higher protesting lower- Sponsorship – lower down people get sponsors (Hunger Games) vertical game- Alliance – Building = horizontal game - Empire building - building power base - Budgeting - Expertise - Strategic candidates – fighting ideas o These topics are complex Part of culture that surface when issues arise You need developed skills and credibility, respect, knowledge- Which are your responsibility Best dealt with Integrity, Clarity, Objectivity II. Collective Bargaining and Labor Relationso Contextual information NLRA – National Labor Relations Act - Amendment = Taft Hartley- Enforced by National Labor Relations Board Union membership peaked in the 1950 (33% of employees)- Has declined now at 12% overall - 1/3 of employees belong to unions but strikes are usually illegal o The number of strikes dropped dramatically over the years o Trends in Union Membership Change in the structure of the economy and workforce Management efforts to control costs i.e. higher costs of labor Better and stronger HR practices Increased government regulations o Different Types of Membership Environments Closed Shop Union Shop Agency Shop Maintenance of Membership stipulation Associated Union Membership “Right to Work” stats o Labor involvement differs across the USo Different Types of Labor Orgs National and International unions AFL – CIO- An umbrella org that represents many units Local Unions These composed of - Craft unions - narrow and select- Industrial unions - broad group of people Work Councils - Outside the US o Labor related Actions Seen in Workplaces Organizing Certification - getting majority of people on your side before the election Specified Interaction between labor and management Filing grievances - Conflict mediation Conflict Decertificationo Never a shortage of opinions on organized labor III. Group and Team Effectiveness o Groups Benefits that stem from good planning - For individual o More resources, affiliation - For organization o Task accomplishment, increased creativity and collaboration Types of Groups - Formal - Informal – created by people in organization Roles of group members can play more than one role at a time - Task oriented roles = initiator, evaluator etc. that are focused on getting the task accomplished - Maintenance roles = commentator, harmonizer etc. - Individual roles = dominator, evader etc. Models of Group development (these models are complementary not mutually exclusive) - Tuckman Model (5 Stages in order)o Forming o Storming o Norming o Performing o Adjourning - Punctuated Equilibrium Model o First meeting (this dictates the level of productivity)o Inertiao Increase at the halfway point o More inertia toward deadlineo Frenzied activity to complete o Teams = effects both inside and outside the organization Why they are different than group- Leadership shared by everyone- Held accountable for individual and team results- Has its own objectives - “Win and lose together” measured as collective productivity Types - Production - Problem solving/Task - Management/Leadership – board of directors - Cross-functional teams - Self managed work teams - Virtual o Research shows that virtual teams benefit from meeting early on- High performance (rare)o Very specific skills, complementary to each other Common purpose “spirit de corps” – shared pride o How to build Set tone early for high standards Focus on group
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