Development Through the Life Span Psychology Exam 3 o What is developmental psychology The branch of psychology that studies the patterns of growth and change occurring throughout life o Physical cognitive moral social o Important Milestones in Lifespan Development Walking and First Word 12 months 90 fluent in 1st language 5 years Puberty Girls 10 years Boys 12 years 1st Marriage US Women 25 1 years Men 26 7 years Menopause 51 years Andropause 44 years o Jean Piaget 1896 1980 Born Switzerland Studied mollusks PhD at age 21 Met Simon ch 7 and began interviewing children to help standardize Binet s tests on Parisian children Cognitive Development o Jean Piaget s theory dominated the field for many years He saw children as little scientists exploring their world and learning as a way of adapting to their environment Fitting new objects events etc into an existing o Piaget s Theory Assimilation schema Accommodation Modifying a schema to fit new events objects etc o Piaget s Stages Sensorimotor 0 2 years Understand the world through senses and motor actions interact with the environment Develop object permanence Preoperations 2 7 years Understand intuitive relations Thinking is egocentric dominated by their perception Child begins to represent the world symbolically Concrete Operations 7 12 years Can do logical operations Understand reversibility Can do conservation and classification tasks Formal Operations 12 and up Can do abstract and hypothetical reasoning Can reason contrary to experience Sometimes found only in people s areas of expertise Can think about the future o Summary of Piaget s Theory Piaget s work was very important and very influential However new research indicates that he underestimated the capabilities of infants and young children o Back to nature nurture question material from other chapters merging Intelligence What about other characteristics o A bit about genetics Gene section of DNA o Dominant of a trait o Recessive Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression Referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical recessive gene o Nature AND Nuture Both genetics and environment are important in what develops o Cognitive development Piaget o Social development Ainsworth and Erikson o Social and Emotional Development Attachment o The close emotional bond between the infant and caregiver o Strange Situation Test 1978 Created by Mary Ainsworth Measures attachment type in children 10 24 months old to their primary caregiver Child Attachment o Secure Attachment Cry or protest at departure greet mother happily at arrival secure base About 70 Benefits for Secure Attachment Larger more varied vocabularies as toddlers More curious competent and resilient as preschoolers Better at making friends and better team player in middle childhoods Likely to have more secure intimate relationships in adulthood o Avoidant Attachment Do not cry at departure avoid mother at arrival anger and do not see support About 20 o Ambivalent Avoidant Attachment Very anxious before mother leaves very upset at departure seek contact at arrival but also show resistance About 10 o Disorganized Disoriented Show inconsistent contradictory behaviors from other types confusion Very very small percentage How do individuals social interactions and expectations continue to o Psychosocial Development change across the life span o Erikson s theory Basic trust vs mistrust birth to 1 5 year old o Can I trust the people around me Can I trust the caregiver to meet my needs Autonomy vs doubt 1 5 to 3 years old o Can I do things myself Or am I helpless and have to depend Competence vs Inferiority 6 to 11 years old or puberty on others Initiative vs guilt 3 to 6 years old o Am I good or bad o How can I be good or more good Identity vs Role Confusion adolescence o Who am I Intimacy vs Isolation young adulthood o Will I be loved or will I be alone Later adulthood o Erikson emphasized continued development throughout the lifespan and said each stage adds something specific to all later ones and makes a new ensemble out of all the earlier ones Some physical and sensory decline is common Exercise slows physical decline dramatically Continued sexual activity common among those over 80 Dementias such as Alzheimer s Disease AD strike 4 6 of those over 65 25 of those over 85 o AD is most common cause of dementia in older adults national Institute on aging 2014 Alzheimer s disease AD Centers for Disease Control CDC AD is a top leading cause of death in the US Estimated that 5 million individuals aged 65 or older in the US have AD 14 million by 2050 Projected costs of AD 2010 Estimated 159 215 billion o By 2040 will reach 500 billion and will continue to rise o Erikson s theory continued Generativity vs stagnation middle adulthood o How can I contribute to the world Integrity vs Despair later adulthood o Did I live a meaningful life Chapter 11 Stress and Health 11 12 2014 o Stress The physiological and psychological response to conditions that threaten or challenge o Stressors Can be acute or chronic Can be physical or psychological How you interpret the stressor will determine your stress response o Sources of Stress Conflict Lack of control and unpredictability Catastrophe and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder o Physical Stress Response o Stress and Health Brain activates the sympathetic nervous system and inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system o Neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and hormones are released o Breathing HR and blood pressure increase Prolonged stress can negatively affect immune system functioning Stress triggers the same kind of response as infections In the short term stress can have positive effects on the immune system o However chronic stress wears down the body s resources o General Adaptation Syndrome Discovered by Hans Selye First used the term stress in 1936 Alarm o A threat mobilizes body resistance to stress o Stress resistance reaches its maximum Resistance Exhaustion o The organism s resources for dealing with stress are exhausted Stress resistance drops off Resistance and Exhaustion Phases o Body is trying to deal with stressor so energy output is increased Because HR and respiration rates increase so does blood flow o No new energy is stored during stress Newer research shows since this was proposed in 1956 that rather than exhaustion the continued stress damages the body leading to stress related diseases o Points for General
View Full Document
Unlocking...