World Cities Final Exam Study Guide Themes explored on final Informal Settlements Many names vary by country and region Informal settlements are o Areas where groups of housing units have been constructed on land that the occupants have no legal claim to or occupy illegally o Unplanned settlements and areas where housing is not incompliance with current planning and building regulations unauthorized housing Without secure land tenure residents in informal settlements are marginalized and ignored Characteristics o No or limited municipal services o Accessibility issues o Inadequate environmental and living conditions o Informal shadow economy o Lack of property titles insecure land tenure o Limited participation in decision making planning process Informal settlement formation o Organic Progression Slowly move into open green spaces private property Poor urban land management Very disorganized Evolve overtime Typically what we think of when we think of informal settlements o Land Grab Sites and Services Plan Very organized Community Participation Often supported by nonprofit organizations Will show up overnight literally Can meet a lot of resistance from police and local government Why live in an informal settlement o No available housing o Cannot afford rent or mortgage Solutions Fuggerei o Social housing projects o Oldest social housing complex still in use o Augsburg Bavaria Cities and regions will have a difficult time being sustainable without addressing the housing problems Apartheid Hendrick Verwoerd o Afrikaner Nationalism Mobilized by leaders in all sectors and government service Massive economic development strategy to become less dependent on Great Britain Created several thousands of job opportunities Apartheid policies o Promotion of Bantu self government act Classification of black south Africans into 8 Ethnic groups and their allocation to homelands o Bantu Investment corporation act Offered financial incentives to industrial corporations to transfer their capital from white south Africa to the black homelands o Extension of university education act Ended black students attending white universities and creating separate tertiary institutions for the different races Apartheid o Racial segregation in South Africa o Created by Verwoerd o 3 5 Million non white south Africans were removed from homes Placed in segregated neighborhoods One of the largest mass removals in modern history o Territorial separation By tribes Around the country Forced removals o Western areas removal scheme o Sophiatown Near Johannesburg Black could own land here Developed into a multiracial slum Forced to move 13 miles from the city center Meadowlands became part of a planned black city Soweto Sophiatown was destroyed by bulldozers New white suburb built in its place o This occurred all over South Africa Frederick Willem de Klerk o Leader of the national party o Brokered the End of Apartheid o Nobel peach prize with Nelson Mandela for his role in ending apartheid Forced removals o Elimination and Prevention of re emergence of slums act Abahlali Basemjondolo shack dwellers movement against evictions and for public housing Filed lawsuit and won Government continued the forced evictions Aging Populations BIG problem Aging populations occur when the media age of a country rises due to the rising life expectancy and or declining birth rates o Less people working o More resources used o Loss of cultures languages BIG help o Less government expenditures on education already educated o Lower inflation Japan Germany Italy France Spain Canada Nigeria Shrinking Cities and Ghost Cities The growing middle class in China has little to spend their wealth on that will continue to appreciate Many spend money on real estate and real estate projects often on new real estate projects in hopes of people moving to the new area People often do not move to the new areas o These new areas are often referred to as Ghost Cities Settler Colonies Major social problems occurring in Europe o High Unemployment o Poverty o Homelessness o Social Displacement o URBANIZATION Send the surplus population to Africa As cities grew the European colonies separated living and working areas European esque living in Africa Indirect rule o Governor or Governor general in a colonial capital o Executive council appointed o Legislative council Appointed and selected from local and foreign members This worked well in areas that had long established well organized chiefdoms city states kingdoms and empires with already existing administrative and judicial systems Population Growth In China o Gender imbalance One Child policy o Men cannot marry Chinese women Increased competition for the limited resource o No families sons to pass on accumulated wealth to Land Cash Family Heirlooms o Pose a threat to social stability o Women kidnapped and sold as wives Urbanization patterns in the Middle East Urbanization and the geography of growth and decline depend on o The power of location religious and governmental o The relative location of natural resources especially water and more recently oil o Points of passage o Market places Urban triangle of the Middle East o Turkish Persian Arab Roman Baths o Community center o Restaurant o Fitness center o Bar o Performance Islamic City Mosques Markets Forts Palaces City Walls transects o Kasbah o Medina o Colonial City o Post Colonial City o Future City o Represented free thinking scientific progress honest trade tolerance and justice o Highly influenced by Islam Common traits The evolution of the Middle Eastern City Structure understood through Urbanization in the Middle East Since WWII o Population growth naturally and through migration o Population growth stresses natural resources o Managing population demands is difficult Religion in Middle East and India o Hinduism 78 o Islam 15 o Christianity 2 5 Sustainable Development Trends o Millennium development goals o Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger o Achieve universal primary education o Promote gender equality and empower women o Reduce child mortality o Improve maternal health o Combat HIV AIDS malaria and other diseases o Ensure environmental sustainability o Develop a global partnership for development o Three pillar of sustainability o People Social o Planet Environmental o Profit economic Use of photos to indicate urban growth photo analysis Poverty Poverty in India o The poverty has declined since the 1970 s from 56 to 35 in 1993 o Economic growth